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ENTERPRISES IN THE AGRICULTURAL FARMS' STRUCTURE

100%
Dzun W.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2008
|
issue 4(317)
3-16
EN
When analysing the financial and economic situation of Polish agriculture and of its model, a discussion should be organised covering the definition of an agricultural holding and its organisational and legal form. It seems that the categories of 'individual household' and 'individual agricultural holding', which are generally used as denominative of all agricultural farms run by natural persons are no longer adequate for the level of our family farm system. A category of an 'agricultural enterprise' should be created in the structure of agricultural farms. This category should comprise large commercial farms run by natural persons (including large family commercial farms) and agricultural farms run by legal persons. The analyses show that in the current internal and external conditions, the number of farms, which can be considered as commercial farms could be estimated at ca. 200-250 thousand farms. (farms of more than 8 ESU). Most of these farms are macro-enterprises. Some of them meet all the criteria of agricultural enterprises. The borderline between these groups of farms is very fuzzy. The number of agricultural enterprises may be estimated at the level of ca. 50 thousand (about a half of the farms from the 16-40 ESU group and farms from the group of more than 40 ESU). 'Classic' agricultural enterprises would comprise all large economic farms (exceeding 40 ESU). In 2005, the group of these farms comprised ca. 16.6 thousand farms, including 14.6 thousand farms run by natural persons.
2

LARGE FARMS IN POLAND EXAMINED AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF FARMS IN SELECTED EU-15 COUNTRIES

100%
Dzun W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2006
|
issue 3(132)
26-48
EN
In agriculture of the EU-15 countries a steady decline is observable in the overall number of farms and a simultaneous growth in the number of economically and territorially large farms. The character of agriculture in the EU-15 countries, with which Polish agriculture will be competing on the Common Agricultural Market of the European Union, is already now determined by economically large and, as a rule, also territorially large farms. Economically large Polish farms are able to compete with farms operating in the EU-15 countries. However, the share of such farms in Polish agriculture is minimal. Therefore, in the coming years family farms in Polish agriculture will have to undergo thorough restructuring connected with transition from peasant establishments to family farms producing goods for the market. In the present macroeconomic conditions a rapid growth in the number and share of economically large farms is hard to achieve. Thus, in the next few years a fast increase is more probable in the number and share of economically medium-sized farms in Poland. A further growth of such farms may become the basis for a rapid development of economically large farms.
3

THE MANAGEMENT OF ARABLE LAND RESOURCES IN POLAND

100%
Dzun W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2007
|
issue 2(135)
50-69
EN
The management of the existing resources of arable land is primarily determined by the goals set in connection with the development of agriculture and rural areas. Until a short time ago economic-production goals dominated. At present emphasis is laid on the necessity to harmonise production-economic, social and environmental objectives and to reconcile the interests of the present and future generations. Farmers are expected not only to ensure the production of abundant and inexpensive food but also to ensure the production of high-quality and safe food as well as the protection of the natural environment and landscape. Poland has considerable resources of farmland. Although the quality of these resources in terms of the classes of soil, distribution of precipitation and hydro-atmospheric relations is relatively low this fact is compensated for by the low degree of contamination of the natural environment, its diverse character and landscape. In the current macroeconomic conditions the level of utilisation of the existing farmland is low from the point of view of the production-economic goals. The area of uncultivated arable land is increasing and the proportion of waste and fallow land continues to be high. The farmland's productivity is very low and the distance separating Poland from the EU countries against which it competes on the Common Agricultural Market is not diminishing. However, a tangible improvement has been recorded recently in the management of the existing resources of arable land from the point of view of the quality of agricultural products and protection of the natural environment and landscape.
4

STATE-OWNED FARMS IN THE PROCESS OF SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION

100%
Dzun W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
|
issue 3(124) Sup
153-166
EN
The systemic transformations which were undertaken and are still under way in Polish agriculture are rather specific in that, compared with other post-communist countries, the structure of our agriculture has been predominantly private, with a significant proportion of state-owned farms and very few farming co-operatives. Hence the sector structure of agriculture in Poland did not necessitate rapid privatisation. Neither did the situation on the farm produce market (surplus supply), the land market (negligible demand) or the capital market (lack of capital in private farming and difficulties in its accession). Despite these adverse circumstances, state-owned farms were swiftly privatised. By means of one authoritative, legal-administrative act, all state-owned farms were liquidated and their assets and effects were transferred to the private sector where they were to enlarge and reinforce family-owned farms. Whether or not this was a wise decision is still the object of debate. Experience has shown that, despite the considerable economic and social costs of this transfer, the assumed and debatable goals have not been achieved. Although liquidation of state-owned farms and disposal of their farmland has enlarged the private sector in Polish agriculture, it has not (as was to be predicted) seriously improved the structure of small-producers' peasant husbandry. The most important objective guiding the decision to liquidate state-owned farms has not been met. These farms are a declining form of husbandry. Yet they compare favourably with most private farms, which only goes to prove that privatisation alone does not lead to the emergence of a new quality, i.e., economic effectiveness.
5

STATE-OWNED FARMS IN THE PROCESS OF SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION IN POLAND

100%
Dzun W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
|
issue 3(128)
37-58
EN
The article is a synthesis of considerations contained in a book titled 'Panstwowe gospodarstwa rolne w procesie przemian systemowych w Polsce' (State-owned Farms in the Process of Systemic Transformation in Poland) which was published by the Institute of Rural and Agricultural Development of the Polish Academy of Science (IRWiR PAN). The aim of the work was to present facts, analyses and the broadest possible knowledge about transformations in the state-owned farms. It represents an attempt at explaining why restructuring processes in the Polish state-owned farms were so radical and at finding out whether their privatisation could have been accomplished in a different and more successful way.
6

LARGE FARMS IN THE PROCESS OF RURAL AREAS' ADJUSTMENT TO THE MARKET ECONOMY RULES

100%
Dzun W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
|
issue 2(123)
171-186
EN
In the early stages of economic reforms in Poland large farms had a negligible share in the structure of the Polish agriculture. The dominating role in the group of large farms was played then by state-run farms (PGRs), whereas the role of co-operative and individual farms was minimal. The political and economic transformations, especially the influence of the free market rules, have led not only to a considerable growth in the number of large farms but also, or mainly, to radical ownership and legal-organisational changes in the internal structure of the group of large farms. These changes have occurred chiefly owing to obligatory restructuring and privatisation of state-owned farms. A completely new group of large farms, dominated by privately operated farms, has emerged as a result. The core of this group is formed by the so-called post-PGR farms. Most of them are now privately-owned, mainly under lease agreements, and have different legal-organisational forms. State-run farms have a minimal and fast shrinking share in the group of large farms. Large farms are the fastest developing type of farms in Poland. In this group of farms the processes of restructuring and modernisation are clearly observable, whose purpose is to increase the competitiveness of farms through the optimisation of their production structure, employment, specialisation and concentration of production. These processes are based on the extended reproduction of fixed assets, geared towards the introduction of modern techniques and technologies both in the animal and plant production. These processes lead to an improvement in the productivity of plants and animals, labour productivity and the economic condition of the farms in question. Thanks to all these efforts the majority of the analysed farms is economically strong or even very strong and well prepared for competition on the common agricultural market. Poland's accession to EU should exert a positive influence on both the current income situation of large farms and their development prospects.
7

FARMS IN THE PROCESS OF SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION (1990-2002)

100%
Dzun W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
|
issue 1(122)
43-64
EN
Changes in the broadly understood structure of rural households are largely attributable to the systemic transformation, but mainly to the adjustment of households to the market economy conditions. Generally, it can be stated that agriculture as a whole and also most farms, especially the smaller ones, have proved to be weak entities in the conditions of free competition on the market. The profitability of agricultural production has diminished considerably. In addition, the state-owned farms were put to a restrictive restructuring and privatisation process imposed from the top, whereas farming co-operatives became subject to decollectivisation. Serious changes occurred as a result both in the ownership and legal-organisational structure of farms in 1990-2002. The private sector in the Polish agriculture has clearly become larger and stronger, which relates in particular to individual farms. The share of farming co-operatives in the structure of farms has diminished significantly. On the basis of assets of some former state-run farms (although not exclusively) a dynamic group of relatively large farms has been created, which represent new organisational-legal and ownership forms. The sector of state-run farms has been significantly reduced, mainly as far as the sphere of production is concerned. The formal number of farms is decreasing, although at a slower rate than it could be expected. However, the tough rules of the agricultural market are leading to a fast reduction in the actual number of farms-entities operating on the market. A considerable part of the farms has abandoned production or produces goods for the owners' needs exclusively. The pace of changes in the structure of farms by size is accelerating. The processes of polarisation are intensifying not only as far as the acreage of farms is concerned but also, or even more clearly, as far as their production potential goes. Practically, only larger farms are developing and becoming stronger. This is true, in particular, of farms with the area of 30 -200 ha. In this group of farms there continues a clearly observable process of restructuring and modernisation based on extended reproduction of fixed assets. This group is also characterised by a fast improvement in the age and educational (farming qualifications included) structure of farms. This group of farms also plays an ever more important role in restructuring and modernisation of the Polish agriculture. The excessively high proportion of farms that make no investments at all and the low level of investment outlays in general can be described as very negative phenomena. The principal factors that hampered and still hamper positive changes in the structure of farms are the excessively high and continually growing potential labour resources in agriculture and the extremely low profitability of agricultural production that translates into minimal possibilities of accumulation.
8

CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF POLISH FARMS - ON THE EXAMPLE OF SWIETOKRZYSKIE VOIVODESHIP

63%
Dzun W., Wronska J.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2007
|
issue 1(134)
122-142
EN
Polish agriculture is characterised by a very unfavourable agrarian structure which, simultaneously, differs greatly depending on the region. The most unfavourable situation in this respect is observable in the south-eastern region of Poland, the Swietokrzyskie sub-region included. An improvement in the historically shaped, unfavourable agrarian structure of the sub-region is extremely hard to attain. Changes in the agrarian structure are ever more strongly linked to the development of rural areas which takes into account the harmonisation of the farms' production-economic tasks with objectives relating to the protection and improvement of the natural environment and broadly understood cultural heritage. The Swietokrzyskie sub-region has particularly good conditions for the development of multi-functional agriculture. A very important factor, determining further changes in the agrarian structure of the discussed sub-region, will be the utilisation of exceptionally favourable natural conditions for both the purpose of agricultural production and development of non-agricultural services. However, the principal determinant of changes will be social and economic conditions. Due to the agrarian overpopulation and limited resources of arable land the most important role will be played by the development of non-agricultural activities in rural areas, development of urban-industrial areas and possibilities of permanent and shuttle migration from villages to towns.
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