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Życie towarzyskie i kulturalne łodzian w latach 1870–1914

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Piestrzeniewicz M.
Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku
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2009
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vol. 06
EN
Social and cultural life of the Łódź society was paralyzed with numbness and stagnation almost by the whole 19th century. It resulted partly from the peculiar conditions which Łódź must have functioned in under the oppression of the invader and partly because of the industrial and multinational character of the city. Workers presented the biggest percentage of the whole society, that was nearly 70%, whereas intellectuals merely 5%, and although they were considerably in duty bound to be culturally active, they, in fact, stayed passive in this respect till the end of the 19th century. So, social life in Łódź in the 19th century was carried on around tap-rooms, caf́es and various dance halls. Theatre as well as musical concerts, as superior forms of culture, were used by the small number of the Łódź society, especially by the intellectuals or middle-class people. Not much culturally fastidious Łódź society found greater pleasure in entertainment connected with the elements of circus, theatre of wonders and museum of interesting details. Cabaret performances and cinematography are also worth mentioning because they both gained particular recognition among the inhabitants of the Łódź city. Numerous balls, social dancing evenings, receptions, bazaars, etc. created an opening for social meetings as well as showing yourself as a philanthropist or a charitable person. The process of making the Łódź society more culturally aware had been reaching the city very slowly, that’s why social meetings with the representatives of other nations had occurred rather impossible still for a long time. So, the world of capital and widely comprehended businesses was the only area of communication among the multinational Łódź society.
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Działalność społeczna kobiet w Piotrkowie w świetle „Kroniki Piotrkowskiej” 1910–1914

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Piestrzeniewicz M.
Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku
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2011
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vol. 09
EN
Social women activity in Piotrków limited, at first, to philanthropy and concerned around the Christian Charitable Institution. Not before the year 1906 mutual-aid societies came into existence. Their aim was to stand up for better conditions as well as for development in cultural and educational spheres. At the beginning of the 20th century in nearly all associations women performed an important part. They took care of The Charitable Institutions, the Poor Relief Department, which existed by the School Help Institution, they organized Sunday’s talks for poor children as well as helped poor families at their homes. Moreover, women were generally responsible for artistic settings of rejoicings and balls as well as for contributions for a charitable purpose. Active women’s work also evinced inartistic life of Piotrków. In 1910 Stefania Babicka, a famous pianist in Piotrków, became the chairwoman of the Musical Institution. She significantly contributed to the dissemination of the knowledge of Polish music. Helena Ottowa, a woman who was very respected by lovers of drama, was occupied in running the dramatic section. The intellectuals occurred to be the most active group as far as the organization of public life was concerned at the beginning of the 20th century. Women who were socially active in the town of Piotrków came mainly from the group of the intellectuals.
3
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Kultura fizyczna łodzian na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

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Piestrzeniewicz M., Łódzki U.
Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku
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2012
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vol. 10
EN
A lot of factors influenced the development of physical culture in Lodz in the 19th century, for example the invader’s policy, industrial development of the town, financial conditions, social and nationalistic position as well as Lodz intellectuals’ activity. The influence of European way of physical education was also of importance. Germans popularized in Lodz different sports and active forms of spending free time and in that way introduced German customs in Poland. At that time the most popular sport activities were: game shooting, horsemanship, cycling, football, tennis and gymnastics. The greater part of associations and institutions, which came into existence in Lodz of those days, presented closely nationalistic character. Up to 1886 only one sport club, that came into being in 1824, existed in Lodz. That was Lodz Shooting Society and only Germans belonged to it. The beginning of the birth of Polish sport should have been associated with the creation of the first Polish sport club in 1889, called Lodz Cyclist Association of The Warsaw Consulate. Polish lovers of cycling belonged to that sport club. Sport was of great importance as far as the life of Lodz society was concerned. It contributed to the reduction of the social pathology, trained the character of the people as well as schooled to surmount the exterior difficulties. Those factors were very essential for people who must have functioned in under the oppression of the invader. Sport education contributed a rich heritage of values to the Lodz society.
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