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A STUDY ON THE ASPECTS OF EUROCENTRISM AND DIFFUSIONISM REPRESENTED IN FOREIGNERS’ TRAVEL RECORDS ON KOREA IN EARLY 1900s

100%

CHO K. S.

International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences

2017

vol. 3

117-126

Ten artykuł dotyczy trzech różnych perspektyw jakie pojawiły się w dokumentach zagranicznych gości na temat Korei w początkach XX wieku. Jack London był pisarzem, który pisał powieści bardzo krytyczne w stosunku do społeczeństwa amerykańskiego. Gdy jednak w 1904 roku przyjęto jego postępową perspektywę, opisując sytuację polityczną w Korei, ujawnił on typowy pogląd orientalizmu. Uważał, że Korea i sposób życia Koreańczyków są obrzydliwe i „niecywilizowane”. W porównaniu z punktem widzenia Jacka Londona, książka francuskiego poety Georgesa Ducrocqa przedstawiała Koreę raczej w korzystnym świetle. Odwiedził Koreę w 1901 roku i okazywał uczuciową postawę wobec Korei i jej mieszkańców. Jednak jego sprawozdanie z podróży, Pauvre et Douce Coree, można określić jako reprezentatywny orientalizm estetyczny. Starał się, by wszystkie „koreańskie sprawy” wydały się piękne i miłe, ale prawdą jest, że taki pogląd może ukryć coś konkretnego. Ta perspektywa od samego początku upiększa Koreę, a także w tym samym czasie ukrywa rzeczywisty obraz Korei. E. Burton Holmes był podróżnikiem i często używał swojego „aparatu fotograficznego” do nagrywania rzeczy, których był świadkiem podczas podróży po całym świecie. Tak więc jego reportaż (travelogue) i film fabularny o Korei z 1901 roku opierały się na ścisłej obserwacji i raczej obiektywnym punkcie widzenia. Niemniej jednak nie mógł on uniknąć perspektywy modelu kolonizatora świata, innymi słowy, geograficznego dyfuzjonizmu.

본고는 20세기 초반 한국(대한제국)을 방문한 3명의 외국 작가의 글을 검토한다. 잭 런던의 직선적 진보의식에 기초한 오리엔탈리즘이 타자를 유럽(서구)중심의 기준에 맞춰 무한히 상대화하면서 스스로의 우월성을 강조한다면 조르주 뒤크로의 심미적 오리엔탈리즘은 타자의 구체적 상황과 갈등과 내적 변모 과정을 무화시키는 정서적 태도에 의존함으로써 타자를 항구적 불변의 지위에 두려한다. 그런가 하면 버튼 홈스는 사용하는 매체의 특징에 따라 객관적 관찰자의 시점을 유지하려는 노력을 기울인다. 그러나 그 역시 근대적 확산론의 전제를 수용하고 있다.잭 런던의 편협한 진보주의와 조르주 뒤크로의 복고적이고 심미화된 오리엔탈리즘, 그리고 버튼 홈스의 객관적 태도와 그것의 이면에 놓인 근대적 확산의 시계는 20세기 초 조선을 방문한 민간인 외국인들의 시선을 전형적 구도로 보여준다고 하겠다.

This paper deals with three different perspectives appeared in foreign visitors’ records on Korea in 1900s. Jack London was a writer who wrote novels highly critical of American society based on progressivism. However, when his progressive perspective was adopted to report the political situation of Korea in 1904, he revealed a typical perspective of orientalism. He regarded Korea and ways of living in Korea as disgusting and ‘uncivilized.’Compared with Jack London’s perspective, French poet Georges Ducrocq’s book was rather favorable. He visited Korea in 1901 and he showed affectionate attitude toward Korea and its people. However, his travel report, Pauvre et Douce Coree, can be defined as representing aesthetic orientalism. He tried to make all the ‘Korean things’ seem beautiful and nice, but it is true that this kind of view can also conceal something concrete and specific. This perspective at once beautifies Korea and also conceals the reality about Korea.E. Burton Holmes was a traveler and he often used his ‘motion-picture’ machine to record things he witnessed while travelling around worldwide countries. So, his report (travelogue) and motion picture film on Korea written and made in 1901 was based on close observation and rather objective point of view. Nonetheless, he couldn’t avoid the perspective of the colonizer’s model of the world, in other words, geographical diffusionism of western culture.

THE RECOGNITION AND REPRESENTATION OF POLAND IN MODERN KOREAN LITERATURE – FOCUSING ON 2 NOVELS WRITTEN IN LATE COLONIAL PERIOD

100%

CHO K. S.

International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences

2016

vol. 2

25-34

Praca dotyczy wizerunku i sposobu przedstawiania Polski we współczesnej literaturze koreańskiej. Autor analizuje prace następujących koreańskich pisarzy: Kim Kwang-gyun (김광균), Lee Hyo-sok (이효석) oraz Lee Tae-joon (이태준) i wysuwa wniosek, że można zauważyć wiele podobieństw na płaszczyźnie politycznej i historycznej pomiędzy Polską i Koreą. Z tego powodu koreańscy pisarze przedstawiają Polskę i sytuację w tym kraju w sposób metaforyczny. Wykorzystują przykład Polski do wyrażania własnych opinii politycznych i unikania cenzury japońskiego rządu.

이 연구는 1930 년대 후반과 1940 년대에 씌어진 한국 소설 중에서 동유럽, 특히 폴란드와의 유비관계를 중요하게 다룬 소설의 정치적 무의식을 추적한다. 1930 년대 후반과 1940 년대 초반의 소설에서 폴란드가 자주 언급되고 심지어 그것이 작품의 핵심 주제와 깊이 관계되는 것은 전혀 우연이 아니다. 일본 제국주의 세력이 본격적으로 태평양 전쟁 준비에 몰두함에 따라 피식민지 조선의 상황은 더욱 급박해졌다. 조선의 말과 글을 사용하는 것조차 공식적으로 금지되는 현실에서 정치적 상황에 대해 직접적으로 발언을 하기 어려운 작가들에게 폴란드는 우회적으로 참조할 수 있는 중요한 타자로서 기능했다.

This paper examines the aspects of the recognition and representation of Eastern Europe in modern Korean literature, especially focusing on the case of Poland. The late colonial period(1930~1945) needs to be considered as significant phase when we are trying to grasp the major aspects of representation and recognition of Poland and Eastern Europe in modern Korean literature. In the literary works written by writers of late colonial period, such as Kim Kwang-gyun (김광균), Lee Hyo-sok (이효석), and Lee Tae joon (이태준), we can observe that there were much similar historical and political situations between Poland and Korea. That’s why Korean writers often tried to mention Poland’s situation in metaphorical and analogical ways to express their political opinions, avoiding the censorship of Japanese government. This paper deals with those aspects in modern Korean literature.

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2 International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences

1 2017

1 2016

2 CHO K. S.

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A STUDY ON THE ASPECTS OF EUROCENTRISM AND DIFFUSIONISM REPRESENTED IN FOREIGNERS’ TRAVEL RECORDS ON KOREA IN EARLY 1900s

THE RECOGNITION AND REPRESENTATION OF POLAND IN MODERN KOREAN LITERATURE – FOCUSING ON 2 NOVELS WRITTEN IN LATE COLONIAL PERIOD