Search results

1

6th International conference on the conservation of earthen architecture "ADOBE 90" = szósta międzynarodowa konferencja konserwacji glinianej architektury "ADOBE 90"

100%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1991

|

issue 4

314-315

2

Zastosowanie multispektralnej komputerowej analizy obrazów dla potrzeb diagnostyki konserwatorskiej

100%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1993

|

issue 2

190

3

Przyczyny zniszczeń elewacji Starego Ratusza w Poznaniu

100%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1998

|

issue 2

116-132

EN

Historic buildings subjected to post-1945 revalorization succumb to rapid damage. On the one hand, their state is the outcome of the impact of increased environmental pollution and on the other hand — of imperfect and insufficient conservation expertise in combining old and new technologies and material. Construction-conservation work dealing with historic objects erected with old techniques and traditional material (timber, differently baked bricks, natural and artificial stone, lime mortar, etc.) is conducted upon the basis of a new construction philosophy, resorting to novel techniques and material such as cement, reinforced concrete, paint,etc. In Poland, the progressing destruction of historic buildings conserved by means of new techniques and material has remained unexamined although long-term observations prove that such techniques do not always pass the test. In 1993-1995, a team established by the National Museum in Poznań and cooperating with the Poznań Polytechnic and Ateliers for Research and Conservation of Historical Monuments in Toruń prepared a complex programme for salvaging the Town Hall, based on interdisciplinary studies. The Programme assumes parallel conservation and implementation studies.

4

Komputerowe wspomaganie analizy i odczytywania pisma

100%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2000

|

issue 1

77-84

EN

The presented study deals with the method of a computer analysis of writing. The author proposes an example of the application of computer image analysis for the purpose of deciphering writing upon the example of an analysis of an inscription over the gate in Bierzgłowo Castle, executed in b u rn t ceramic. The studies were based on images obtained by means of high definition CDD cameras. Digital analysis and processing made it possible to correct perspective abbreviations and to make patterns of the letters, followed by their comparison by a graphic programme or one intended for this purpose (e. g. Pluskwa 5.0). Such an approach also facilitates computer supplementation of the missing elements of the letters, preceded by comparative analysis. Upon the basis of the presented examples of a computer analysis of writing it was found that: — the possibilities of an analysis of letters with the aid of computer studies render feasible the elimination of chance in deciphering letters, and facilitate an unambiguous interpretation of inscriptions; — systematic computer handling of analyses of this type aims at creating a lettering base, making it easier to interpre t other inscriptions from the same historical period, etc. — digital archives of analyses results (e. g. CD-ROM) comprise a base for classical studies, publications or the continuation of research, without the necessity of taking successive photographs, which often prove harmful to the state of the objectas preservation (destruction of pigments, paper and fabric due to radiation).

5

Badania technologii budowlanej świątyń wieżowych Czamów

100%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1986

|

issue 4

254-266

EN

The work presents results of the studies on ceramic material used to build a D-5 tower (after Permentier), which have been undertaken in order to define the raw-material applied to make briaks, to determine a phase composition of ceramic elements and employed adhesives combining them, certain parameters of the process of baking as well as to determine a technique of preparing binding agents and joint making. Some physical properties of bricks have also been specified. The studies were made by means of the following research methods: optical microscopy, sca n ning microscopy. X-ray diffraction, thermic differential a n a lysis and absorption spectrophotometry in IR. O n the basis of the results presented it has been found out that the basic raw-material used to prepare ceramic mass and binding agents was il lite clay. The process of brick baking was done at temperature higher than 540°C but lower than 1000°C. The bricks' joining was based on i I lite clay treated thermicolly at temp, over 540°C. The following hypotheses have been put forward with regard to making the binding agents: the binding a gent was prepared on the basis of ground, previously partially burnt ceramic. Another technique was roasting the loam direct prior to binding, or baked briaks were combined with loam solution into b igge r blocks to be later kilned. It is not unlikely that the tower was kilned already after its construction in order to give the interior a character of dimness and mysteriousness for worshippers and at the same time to improve technical properties of joints. Studies on Constructional technologies employed in building the C hams ' towers should be completed with field and ge ological studies at positioning deposites of iHite loams. In addition to this, it is necessary to carry out comparative studies on similar ceramic structures in Viet-Nam and e.g. in India.

6

Udział soli rozpuszczalnych w wodzie w procesach niszczenia kamiennych obiektów zabytkowych oraz konserwatorskie sposoby ograniczania ich działania

100%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1985

|

issue 3-4

244-258

EN

As a result of the effect of corrosive environment upon historic stone artifacts and as a result of incorrect use of materials and agents for their conservation there emerge secondary products. Their chemical composition depends on the kind and advancement of factors determining a degree of endangering for objects. Of particular importance are here water-soluble salts that represent the main cause of the destruction of stone sculptures, elements and details of architectonic decor as well as bricked historic objects. The object of this article was to show endangerings posed by the presence of soluble salts in porous material of an historic object as well as a survey and evaluation of the methods used to reduce their action. The most important salts identified in stone artifacts are given in Table 1. The mode of a corrosive effect of water-soluble salts upon the stone is based on physical and chemical processes in which water plays the most important role. It brings about dissolving of salts and makes possible their translocation through migration, while in some cases it results in their hydrolysis. These processes are not as yet fully recognized and a destructive effect of the salts often manifests itself together with the efect of other destructive factors. The methods employed to reduce a destructive effect of salts may be divided into: — methods of desalting the stones, — methods of immobilizing soluble salts present in stone by a chemical way, — methods of immobilizing the salts by means of anti-humidifying barriers. While evaluating the usefulness of a given method in practice the following conservation requirements should be taken into account: — the method employed should make possible a quick and easy removal of salt from the stone or its complete immobilization without impairing the appearance and colouring of the monument, — the use of the method should neither reduce mechanical properties of the stone nor impair its surface or deeper layers; it should also not affect adversely a further conditio of the stone, — the stone should preserve its relatively high porosity and fine patina, — substances used cannot be hygroscopic; they should not also produce water-soluble by-products that would have a destructive effect upon the stone. Well-known methods of desalting may be classified in the following way: A. Desalting by the migration of salts to expanded environment. B. Desalting by salt diffusion. C. Desalting by the action of an electric field. D. Desalting by means of an electromagnetic field. The techniques that finally make it possible to reduce water movement include: — elimination of sources of water — protecting the walls against dampening — concealment of the dampening of the interior walls. The facts presented in this study allow us to state that water-soluble salts are an essential factor destroying historic stone artifacts. It should be noted at this point that the mode of destructive processes has not as yet been fully explained. At the same time a major source of salts is the use of salt-containing bricks and cement mortars. Recent studies on the adsorption of bases by means of gas chromatography, the confirmation of studies on electrokinetic phenomena in porous bodies as well as the development of theories and laboratory studies on the so-called active centres on the surface of capillaries (e.g. loamy substances, „edges” and walls of cristals) as well as a way of their blocking lead undoubtedly to a fuller explanation of the role and mode of the action of soluble salts and will allow us to work out effective methods protecting historic stone artifacts. The most favourable treatments that reduce the effect of soluble salts in a given object are desalting and some antihumidifying barriers. At the same time it should be pointed out that the problem of desalting small objects which can be transported to workshops and which contain a high percentage of macropores has been practically solved. In view of its effectiveness, efficacy and safety for the object one should distinguish desalting by means of a membrane electrodialysis; still, at its present state the method may be used only for small stone objects (with pores smaller than macropores) which can be transferred to workshops. In many cases methods of electric drying protect effectively against the transportation of water and water solutions inside the walls. Still, they are of small use in case of drying walls with a higher degree of salting. Prior to applying electrodrying for salt-containing walls the given object should be first desalted by means of special plasters with high capacity, which is a useful procedure because of the safety of a desalted structure, despite a low effectiveness of the method, and also because this procedure can be repeated several times. On the basis of the data presented in the work it may be said that in order to solve the problem of a destructive effect of salt in stone porous objects further studies should concentrate on the following subjects: — the mode of a corrosive effect of soluble salts, — working out a special formulation of mortars with regular porosity and distribution of pores’ diameters basing on the adhesives which will not be harmful for the object, — new solutions of electro-drying with the use of modified injectable hydrofobie solutions or plasters with high inside capacity, — working out a technique of electro-desalting the objects „in situ" with о possibility to use it to dry buildings.

7

Badania materiałoznawcze kamiennych tworzyw architektonicznych

100%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1988

|

issue 2

94-109

EN

A fast development of the methods of conservation of stone historic objects is based, on the one hand, on an ever richer practical experience, and on the other, on the studies of the material. It would be a truism today to say that the material of a historic monument is a carrier of in fo rmation on the epoch in which it was created, on factors that decided of its present appearance or of its co n d ition. Thus, an analytical procedure applied when examining a rchitectonic materials will always be a process of processing the information flowing in form of signals which describe a place of materal’s origin and its quantitative and q u a litative condition. Those signals are carriers of the information which only after a definite analytical course may p ro vide discernible results of the studies that can be used in practice. This course will always depend on the aim of undertaken studies on materials. The seventies mark the beginning of an ever wider use — with a varying success — in studies on architectonic materials o f a number of analytical methods, often very spec ia lis ts ones th a t require sophisticated equipment. We can notice a departure from the use of analytical methods in which a given component is determined by dissolving the sample, i.e. a departure from the so-called wet a nalyses. Techniques are looked for which would not impair stones during th e ir analysis. The following basic trends can be seen at present in studies on the materials found in stone historic objects: - — id e n tifica tion of the kind of the material of the object as well as an evaluation of its physical and mechanical properties, — relative dating by means of instrumental techniques, — studies on the technology of old materials, — evaluation of the condition of the obje c t before and afte r conservation, — id e n tifica tion and evaluation of the behaviour of the agents used in conservation treatment. The presented trends of studies reveal diffe re n t a n a ly tical aporoaches depending on the problem set and on the kind o f the material examined. With reqard to their origin stone architectonic materials can be divided into two groups, mainly to natural and a rtific ia l stone materials. The first grouo covers the materials obtained as a result of th e ir excavation from deposits and la te r subjected to mechanical treatment. In the course of these activities th e ir internal structure does not qet chanaed and a ll observed physical and chemical processes are caused by the effect of the environment in which a given obie c t is functioning. The second group includes materials obtoined through various technological orocesses. during which th e ir internal structure aets transformed. Moreover, iust like materials o f natural origin the materials covered bv the second group should also be affected by destruc- K'.'e effects of the environment. Roth the structure and prooerties of a given material d e pend on two factors. The first of them is the presence of abases that ao to make the materials (morpholoayl and th e ir distribution (topography); the second one is the structure. This is homogenous and uniform part of particles in the material with definite physical properties, isolated from the remaining part of the material by adequate border surfaces. A chemical composition of the materials may be the same, but it may d iffe r with a phase composition, and thus fundamentally with physical properties. A given phase is always formed in closely determined, as a rule well-known, physical and chemical conditions. Because of that, id e n tifica tio n of individual phases provides us with various important information on the origin, genesis and quantity of the material studies, on technological processes to which the material was subjected, and finally on factors which cause their destruction. The following methods are included by the author into methods of examining a phase composition: a d iffe re n tia l analysis (TAR), X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectrophotometry. The author discusses also advantages and d isa d vantages of these methods. Another feature characteristic of the material is its structure. The notion of stricture is described by the author in the following way: structure of the material is a description of с rysta 11 in ity, shape, size, distribution of individual components of the material (phases). The development of research techniques made it possible to examine an ever smaller structural elements, which resulted in dividing the structure depending on the mode of observation into three notions: macrostructure (observations mere with eyes), mezostructure (observation by means of optical microscopy) and microstructure (observation by means of an electrone microscope) or using d iffraction of X-rays. Because of the degree of crystallization, and thus of its organization, the structure of materials can be divided into amorphic (with structural elements disorganized), nematic, smectic and crystallic (the highest degree of the organization of structural elements). For the examination of the structure the author recommends classical microscopy, scanning, microscopy enriched with X- ray micro-probe, X-ray diffra c tio n and spectrometry in in fra- red radiation. The knowledge of a phase composition and of the structure of a given material enables us in some way to reconstruct its "his tory ” . Summinq up the above considerations the a uthor says th a t without a good knowledge of the a p p lica tio n of in d iv idual methods a practical use of the results of the studies made is markedly limited. This new approach of the a n a lyst to the examination of historic stone objects has been ihustrated by the author with examples. The studies made covered a Renaissance stone from the Arthus’ Court in Gdańsk (16th cen.), ceramic material of the Fort of Donjon (18th cent.) in Srebrna Gora and Hauptman’s tombstone from Szklarska Poręba (20th cent.). The following methods were used in the studies: X-ray d iffra c tion, infra-red spectophotometry, a thermical diffe re n tia l analysis, microscopy, X-ray micro-probe and, on some occasions, as a complementary technique — op tic microscopy in the polarized lig h t as well as spectral spectrography.

8

Konserwacja murów z cegły suszonej na słońcu

100%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1990

|

issue 3

123-134

EN

Structures made of sun-dried brick (adobe) can be found all over the world, in desert-climate regions. They came into being in various periods and in various cultures in the western parts of both Americas, in north Africa, in the Near East, in central Asia and also to a small extent in Australia. Also in Europe, clay was used sporadically in the construction of various rural structures. The choice of clay as building material in dry-climate areas was no doubt optimal. On the one hand, structures could be built in practically any place, because the acquisition and preparation of clay was an easy and uncomplicated process. On the other hand, this material is characterized by good durability in this climate and secures the appropriate heat-humidity comfort of the interior, being a shield for the inhabitants against intense insolation during the day, and high chilling during the night. Thaus, historically valued structures were created from adobe. I shall name only two existing near the town of Trujillo (Peru) at the foot of Mount Cerro Blanco, the pyramids: the gigantic Sun pyramid and the smaller Moon pyramid. As part of laboratory and field work, in 1987-1988, in the vicinity of Nasca (Peru), possibilities were seen of conducting conservation of structures existing in sector A of the Ceremonial Centre at the Cahuachi archaeological site. The technology of obtaining sun-dried brick was recreated and the recipe of clay mortar was developed for supplementing losses in walls, based on montrhorillonite clay acquired in the vicinity of the construction. In addition, there was successful development of the technology of preliminary surface strengthening of the walls for the period of conducting conservation work, by means of Synthetic Cola aqueous dispersion (Peru) and the surface hydrophobic protection by means of Imlar C PC 1175 T (Du Pont) aqueous acrylic-fluoric dispersion.

9

Przyczynek do badań technologii budowlanej światyń wieżowych Czamów (Wietnam)

63%

Wawrzeńczak A., Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1982

|

issue 3-4

201-207

EN

Basing on the agreement signed by the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Ministry of Culture and Arts of the Polish People’s Republic, a Polish-Vietnamese conservation mission began in 1980 its activities. Its aim is the protection, preservation and conservation of historic structures left by the Champa tribe on the territory of the present mid-Vietnam. The execution of the works was entrusted to specialists form workshops of monuments conservation. During their a few months stay in 1981 Polish specialists, in cooperation with Vietnamese teams, made a number of architectural recordings and photogrametric measurements, technological investigations and conservation expertises as well as plans for the protection of several structures in the complex of temples in Mi Son, Nha Trang, regions of Qui Nhon and Phan-Rang. They made also constructional stregthenings for one of the towers at Phan-Rang, employing to this end a technique successfully applied in rescue works carried out on the renewal of Lublin. Results of those intensive works will allow the authors to prepare a comprehensive programme for the conservation of the Champa towers which represent the world cultural heritage. According to the hypothesis of French researchers, confirmed by Vietnamese specialists, bricks used in towers were joined together with a special glue obtained, i.a., from the mollusc. Still another hypothesis assumed that the structures were built from dried bricks and then the entire structure was kilned, taking here the advantage of a characteristic arrangement of towers with large portals and oriffices on the top, the construction of which was very similar to ovens used to kiln ceramic materials. The object of the studies made in the Institute of Monuments History and Conservation at the Copernicus University in Toruń was to determine problems connected with a technology of the execution of the ceramic material used to build walls and decor of towers, and to find out a technique of joining the bricks and architectural elements into the whole. In the first stage of the studies samples of the bricks from one of Mi Son’s temple belonging to group С (after Permentier) were analyzed. In the second stage samples taken from the remaining structures are to be examined. The first stage covered also a determination of certain physical and technical properties as well as an analysis of X-ray, thermal and IR spectroscopic difraction. During the studies which were to verify hypotheses of French researchers microchemical tests have been made for the presence of proteins, sugar and oils. Results of the studies allow us to state that samples do not contain organic substances capable of binding the bricks with blue. Interpreting the results of X-ray structural studies the presence of the same minerals as those found in the bricks (i.e. B-quartz and illite) has been found on the surfaces of bricks joining. The conclusion may be hence drawn that the second hypothesis assuming the burning out of the structure as a whole without an earlier thermal treatment of bricks cannot be true either. In the light of the presented initial results of the studies one can assume that the structure was made of kilned bricks joined with a thin layer of clay solution that played the role of building mortar. It is not excluded that some organic substance (e.g. extract from snails) was added to the mortar in order to improve its gluing stregth and then got disintegrated in the kilning process. Still, to fully explain technology of binding ceramic material used in tower temples of the Champa will be possible only after making comprehensive field and laboratory examinations of samples taken from several preserved building complexes.

10

Zastosowanie polarografii do identyfikacji folii pozłotniczych

63%

Poksińska M., Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1977

|

issue 3-4

133-139

EN

The first part of the paper presents a brief characteristics of both the employed research methods and the mode of interpretation of the results obtained in the polarogram. In the following parts, the general schemes are given o f the examination of yellow foils (the gold one and ’’goldmetal”), the white foils (silver, aluminium, tin) and, also, the detailed methods o f the analysis of the respective foils. All the foils mentioned above were subject to a qualitative examination basing on model samples. The quantitative composition was ascertained but with regard to the so-called gold-metal foil, a standard alloy of known composition, two different gold-metal foils, and the gold-metal foil sample — taken from the historical object — having been used for the purpose. The results of the quantitative analysis carried out were calculated according to the scheme given in the Table. Now in the part dealing with research on the foil from the historical objects the mode of taking samples, and their preparation for polarographic analysis, are described. The assay o f the samples was conducted in strict consonance with the description given in the experimental part of the paper. The results obtained in investigation of the foil taken from historical objects were identical with those of the analysis of model samples. Polarography is thus a method which may be successfully applied in the examination o f gold-foil.

11

O potrzebie rewaloryzacji wczesnośredniowiecznej rotundy i palatium na Ostrowie Lednickim

63%

Skibiński S., Koziej P.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1993

|

issue 1

20-36

EN

The centre of the early medieval settlement complex in Ostrow Lednicki is concentrated on an island on Lednickie Lake, next to a communication route leading from Gniezno to Poznań. Architectonic relics are located within the range of the second castle and on the foundations of the first one, from the second half of the ninth century. They were raised alongside the south-western fragment of its circumference and are composed of a central chapel which to the west adjoins a rectangular palatium. The chapel was built on a ground plan of a Greek cross with barely distinguished arms which were joined with the eastern apse (a reduced cross octagon) by the circular parts of the wall. A stair well on a circular ground plan adjoins the south-west corner. The chapel lies in the immediate vicinity of an annex later added on, a donjon of sorts (from about the second half of the twelfth century). The palatium includes a multipartition ground floor. Its western part houses a great hall whose vault or dome were supported by two pillars. The walls and foundation were made of stones of erratic origin: gneiss, granite and quartz sandstone, combined with plaster mortar. At present, the extant walls reach a height of at most 3 meters. Archeological and architectonic research conducted inside the rotunda discovered in the south and north arm of the Greek cross two semicircular baptismal receptacles made of plaster, and initially placed in the second half of the tenth century. Work on protecting the ruins has been going on since 1857. In 1950 the first wooden roof was erected but it did not fully safeguard the object. Archeological excavations are being continued. A s teel roof construction, still used today, was installed in the years 1978-1979 but it too is insufficiently effective for safe guarding the ruins from atmospheric factors, not to mention its questionable aesthetic merits. Parallel protection work currently performed intends to combine certain parts with the assistance of cement-lime or cement mortar which tightens the crown of the walls and causes the evaporation of water below the walls as well as progressive corrosion. The basic aim of the results of research and observation presented in the study is to obtain a conception of the revalorization of the ruin. The article, therefore, includes a detailed examination of the building material and an attempt at a relative dating of mortar by analyzing the phase composition. The physical properties of these materials were examined in detail. The causes for the devastation oft he walls were established and laboratory studies on conservation methods were carried out. An analysis of destructive factors and computer research made it feasible to determine the optimal shape and dimensions of a roof which would effectively secure the ruin against the deteriorating impact of atmospheric factors. Work was conducted on a conception of complete revalo rization. In order to make the site more attractive for visitors, it was proposed to create on the inner space of the roof a holographic image which would reconstruct the original architectonic solid. The summary presents the general premises for further conservation work.

12

Zastosowanie komputerowej analizy obrazów wizyjnych standardu VHS do badań przyczyn niszczenia budowli centrum ceremonialnego kultury Nasca : stanowisko Cahuachi, k/Nascua, Peru

63%

Skibiński S., Jagodziński L.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1992

|

issue 1-2

42-48

EN

Magnificent buildings belonging to a ceremonial centre of the Paracas-Nasca culture have been discovered in the course of archeological work conducted as part of the „Nasca Project", near the town of Nasca in Peru. The existence of this culture is dated upon the base of archeological investigations at about 400 B.C. - 800 A.D. It developed originally along the Pacific coast in the Paracas Peninsula (the Paracas culture) and subsequently in the basin of the lea and Nasca rivers. The Nasca culture was characterized by a high level of crafts, which indicated connections with the Paracas culture and, during its decline, with the Tiahuanaco and Huari culture. Buildings which are part of the ceremonial centres of the Nasca culture, created in Cahuachi, near the modern town of Nasca, are covered with sand and gravel of alluvial and eolitic origin. This layer of sand protects against the destructive impact of atmospheric and civilizational factors. Following the removal of the sand by the archeologists, the rather well preserved edifices rapidly deteriorated. The purpose of investigations conducted on the site and in laboratories from 1987 to 1989 was to determine the causes of the rapid destruction of the buildings after their uncovering. The most important reasons were the considerable oscillations of temperature and relative humidity of the air, the erosion produced by wind and sunlight, and the ion exchange within the complex of the prime component of the building material. Another destructive factor was the impact of water circulating through capillaries. The presence of this particular factor would explain the poor protection of the walls' uppermost part as compared to the face. The former is most exposed to the sun rays and it is here, presumably, that the water evaporates. The intention of the investigation was to determine the probable range of the dampness of the wall of Templo Escalonado and its direction with the aid of a new method - a computer analysis of VHS signals. A high quality VHS Panasonic camera was used to obtain vision images, which were taped on a Maxell HGH casette. The vision signal was introduced into the computer's memory with a joystick of the image processor equipped with an IBM interface. The latter and the joystick make it possible to either transfer the vision image, sized 200 x 320 points from the camera into the computer memory, or directly from a video. The researchers employed a PC 3236 computer with a 16 kHz clock, and a super-VGA card and monitor, a 40 Mb hard disc and a Star Lc-10C printer. The interpretation of the vision images involved the use of a programme received from the producer of the joystick (IBM). This programme was adapted to an analysis of images for diagnostic purposes and to the configuration of computer equipment. The programme is now known as VIDEO v. 300. It can cooperate with a programme for the creation of stratigraphie documentation for mobile monuments (Ds-DOK C.200). In order to compare the picture on the monitor and the material produced by the printer, colour photographs of the pictures seen on the monitor were made. A standard Painbruch programme, in the 3.0 version (1985), prepared by SZOF, was employed for the purposes of the printer. A „Rzutnik" programme was proposed for receiving the obtained pictures in RGB, PCX and DAT sizes, which makes it possible to estimate the percentage of the contents of basic spectrum colours and the intensity of the produced computer pictures. Furthermore, it enables to calculate the percentage contents of sixteen hues of basic spectrum colours. Pictures of the object under examination were obtained by filming the surface of the wall vertically to the axis of the camera. This surface was also illuminated by sunlight and heated to a temperature of around 30-40°C. The filming was done in August 1987 at about 2 p.m. i.e. during the time when the wall reached its highest temperature. It was assumed that in damp parts the absorption of the rays will differ from the dry parts of the wall. Owing to the large impact of sunlight those parts which were slightly damp (for example, due to the condensation of the steam) were dried off prior to the examination. Therefore, the intensity of the red colour of the wall depended on water absorbed from the soil by means of capillaries. The great differentiation of the temperatures of the surfaces of the wall makes it feasible to propose interpretations despite the small precision of the VHS camera. The multi-spectrum analysis was conducted with the help of the VIDEO programme, using pictures transferred with AKAI equipment. These pictures were subsequently observed on a colour computer monitor steered by a super-VEGA card. After the selection of a suitable picture, observation were carried out of a full VIS spectrum (see diagram 4) and then successively only of the range of the range of the red (see diagram 5) and blue colour (see diagram 6). Undoubtedly, the interpretation of pictures obtained thanks to the multi-spectral analysis of VHS images remains extremely difficult at the present-day level of research. The pictures produced by this technique contain numerous information about the examined object. The ensuing task is to eliminate those which are inessential for the posed question and emphasize those which will facilitate the solution. The study in question presents first attempts at applying the computer analysis for data obtained with a standard VHS camera. This method made it possible to ascertain a possible presence of water circulating from the soil by means of capillaries in buildings belonging to the ceremonial centre of the Nasca culture in Cahuachi. This destructive factor was not taken into account earlier if only because the expanding loamy material made the walls watertight. Earlier research, however, proved the possibility of water being absorbed by the building material used in the objects of the centre. The above outlined investigations should be certainly continued and confirmed in other ways.

13

Problematyka badawczo-konserwatorska budowli centrum ceremonialnego Cahuachi (Peru)

63%

Skibiński S., Wilde T.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1989

|

issue 2

159-166

EN

Nasca culture came into being ca. 400 B .C ., on the base of the Paracas culture, into the region of the rivers lea and Nasca. In a short time excellent irrigation systems were built, along with water reservoirs, underground aqueducts with walls made of stone blocks and equipped with a system of wells for purifying water of slime, sanctuary complexes. The ceramic utensils and figurines of the Nasca culture are characterized by a high artistic as well as technological level. The ceramic ware was ornamented with geometrical designs and presentations of stylized birds, plants, insects and mythological figures. The motifs appearing on ceramic objects and in tapestry are similar to the gigantic drawings on deserts called geoglyphs. These drawings came into being during 1200 years (from 800 B .C . to 400 B .C .). There are many theories that explain the function of these drawings. At the present stage of research, the most convincing hypothesis has been formulated by Toribio Mejia Xessepe. According to it the drawings marked out procession routes. The Cahuachi ceremonial centre occupies an area of over 24 km2. Most structures within the centre have been built of brick formed from clay and dried out in the sun, the so-called adobe, joined with mortar based on a loam binder. The bricks are of different shapes and their arrangement in the wall is also varied. The state of preservation of the buildings is very good. This is due to the layer of sand covering them, brought over during a flood. The layer ensured a constant level of humidity and temperature, as well as shielded against the sun's rays and the effects of wind. Following exposure, the structures are undergoing rapid deterioration. It is therefore necessary that archaeological investigations be accompanied by conservation measures. Studies of loam minerals contained in the bricks and clay mortars were conducted in a field laboratory. They were continued on samples brought to Poland with the use of IR spectrophotometry and X-ray diffraction. In previous years an Italian mission made an attempt to conserve part of the structures. Materials of inorganic origin were used as well as materials of organic origin. For strengthening the houses and wall surfaces lime, gypsum, cement and clay mortars were used. However, none of these mortars proved effective. In spite of negative results, the efforts made it possible to determine the criteria which have to be fulfilled by materials and means suggested for use in conservation work, namely: — the materials and means used cannot seal off the surface of the structures or alter the physical properties of the bricks, — they must be resistant, particularly to ultraviolet rays and humidity, — their coefficient of thermal expansion must be similar to that of the original material, — they must be flexible. The following can be considered as the most important problems of conservation: — the making out of complete conservation documentation, — outlining the methodology of preservative conservation, — the description of the old building technique and the identification of causes that led to the destruction of structures, — the preparation of a complex program of aesthetic solutions of the exposition of the ceremonial centre's structures in correlation with the presentation of geoglyphs, together with objects connected with ceremonies, cults, everyday life etc. These problems are the subjects of research carried out as part of the „Proyecto Nasca" and in the Institute of Historical Monument Studies at the Mikołaj Kopernik University in Toruń.

14

Oczyszczanie marmurowej rzeźby z nawarstwień gipsowych metodą elektrodializy membranowej

63%

Kopaczyński P., Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1994

|

issue 1

55-58

EN

This study presents a new and original method of cleaning the surface of marble statues from plaster and impurities. The task was performed with the technique of electrodialysis, employing ionselective membranes. The statue was placed in a chamber filled with destilled water; the bottom of the chamber was covered with marble chips. The electrode chambers contained 01, n NaCl. The cleansing process which lasted uninterrupredly for 14 days, was carried out with a difference of potential amounting to 20 v. The pH level in the chamber was controlled; the same holds true for the presence of sulfate ions in the leakage from the outer chamber of the anode complex. All layers of plaster were completely removed from the surface of the object in question.

15

Odpowiedź na recenzję Prof. W. Domasłowskiego

63%

Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1995

|

issue 1

130-132

16

Wpływ promieniowania nadfioletowego na parametry niektórych farb akrylowych

51%

Ciabach J., Skibiński S., Kamiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1979

|

issue 2

139-143

EN

The availability on the market of a big numer of ready-made paints, substances and materials with different resistance to light makes it necessary to have them examined thoroughly, especially with a view to the requirements of conservation and restoration of works of art. Because ultra-violet radiation exerts a great effect upon the paramemeters of the colouring of some acrylic paints, there has been developed a method of the so-called quantitative expression of colours; it consists in establishing parameters of the colouring of artistic paints. The method is based on a wellknown law of Grossman. According to it, any colour P can be produced by mixing three basic colours: А, В, С in quantities X, Y, Z. Thus P = XA+YB+ZC. Colours А, В, С are basic to the effect that none of them can be obtained by mixing the remaining two. The method of establishing parameters of the colouring makes it possible to (1) quickly and objectively state changes occurring under the effect o f ultra-violet radiation, (2) carry out comparative studies of paints made by different manufacturers, (3) examine chainges taking place under the effect of substances used for conservation and restoration, and finally (4) record changes in the colouring of individual parts of works. Another essential advantage of the method is the possibility to use measuring equipment that is easy of access and simple to operate. It is also very useful in describing the condition of historic works of art and their protection.

17

Komputerowy program dokumentacji stratygraficznej zabytków ruchomych

51%

Jagodziński L., Skibińska A., Skibiński S.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1991

|

issue 4

290-295

EN

From 1976 conservators of mobile monuments in Poland observe a uniform scheme for conservation documentation. An integral part of such documentation is the stratigraphy of the given object. The Stratigraphie diagram shows the successive technological strata of the object and the chronology of their appearance. It is adapted to computer transformation which simplifies and accelarates the preparation of a uniform stratigraphy of the object prior to and following conservation. This is the reason why an effort was made to prepare a computer programme for the stratigraphie documentation of mobile monuments. The DS DOKv. 2.00 programme was prepared for IBM PC XT/AT/386 computers with a hard disc and an EGA, VGA or super VGA card. It cooperates with any dot matrix printer and was tested in a Star LC 10 Colour printer. The study in question presents the foundation of its functioning and the possible ways of its application. The programme can be used in museums, conservation workshops and offices dealing with the documentation of monuments in order to gather complete information about mobile monuments before and following conservation. Moreover, the programme is equipped with programme instruments for the collection and storage of computer, video or photographic documentation. As a result, it will be possible in the future to store information about historical monuments in magnetic carriers and not as has been the case up to now, in book form in archives. This fact will make it possible to considerably reduce the space devoted to archives and to accelerate obtaining and forwarding information, the preparation of catalogues of monuments, conservation programmes as well as to estimate the state of the object's preservation.

18

Problematyka badawcza i konserwatorska pomnika św. Trójcy w Bańskiej Szczawnicy

51%

Krause J., Skibiński S., Urbanowski M., Wawrzeńczak A.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1988

|

issue 1

21-34

EN

The monument of Holy Trinity, referred to as the Morowy Pillar, is one of the most valuable monuments at Banska Stiavnica, the town regarded as a monument of national culture in Czechoslovakia. The monument occupies the central part of the Holy Trinity Square, called formerly the Upper Market. A monumental architectonic sculptural structure was erected in the years of 1759-64. It is thought that this is the work of an Italian sculptor, D. Stanetti. The conservation was based on a conservation programme prepared on the basis of a complex expertise done by Polish conservators. The programme paid attention to the conditions set forth by the Slovakians. On the basis of the condition and technological studies, the Slovakian Office for the Protection of Monuments and Nature decided to reconstruct in a synthetic stone all sculptures found on the monument, except for the group of Holy Trinity and St Mary’s statue. To execute nearly thirty copies of the sculpture in a synthetic stone including seven of them over 2 m in height, weighing in total nearly 10 tons, Polish conservators, who had taken up such a job for the first time, had to overcome a number of technological problems and to demonstrate exceptional accuracy and precision of work and artistic skill. Genuine sculptures (after which the copies were made) earmarked for a display in museums were subjected to restricted conservation procedure, consolidating the preserved condition. A stone architectonic composition of the monument as well as a group of Holy Trinity and the statue of St Mary raemining in situ were cleansed, desalted and missing parts were filled up. Moreover, it was subjected to hydrofobization, i.e. the protection of the surface against unfavourable effects of atmospheric falls. Original metal elements of the monument attributes, three big armorial cartouches as well as architectonic details put on stone columns and pilasters were subjected to conservation treatment. All copies of the sculptures made in a synthetic stone had metal attributes reconstructed. The majority of stone and metal architectonic details as well as attributes of sculptures show traces of repeated gildings. During the work small traces of the whitewash, the so-called polerwais, were found in deep cuts. Traces of the whitewash were also discovered on metal elements and on some elements of stone's architecture. The shaft of columns and pilasters as well as cornices and deep pores of rhyolite showed the remainings of thin dressing in grey and blue colouring. A work hypothesis on the original three-colour composition of the monument put forward on the basis of the above discoveries has been confirmed in the colouring of the model of the 17th century pillar preserved in the local museum. Due to the preservation of original colouring to a minimum degree only, the attempt to restore it would be a complete reconstruction changing its appearance. The discovery of original painters’ layers resulted in the restriction of full reconstruction of gildings, planned in the expertise. The planned colouring of the monument, worked out by Polish conservators, envisaged for the preservation of architectonic stone elements without any interference as to its colours, i.e. they were to be left in the condition they had at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The reconstruction of gildings was to be limited to attributes of original sculptures on the monument, i.e. the group of Holy Trinity and St Mary. Attributes of the copies of the sculptures, copies of armorial cartouches and other metal elements of architectonic decor were left in the colour of patina copper harmonizing with the colouring of rhyolite architecture. The remaining gildings preserved in bigger parts on capitals of columns and pilasters were subjected to thorough conservation. Work on this monument, carried out in 4 years, represented still another contribution of Polish conservators in rescuing the world cultural heritage. The condition of the monument in five years after the completion of conservation proves the soundness of adopted conservation assumptions and a high quality of conservation procedure.

Refine search results

6th International conference on the conservation of earthen architecture "ADOBE 90" = szósta międzynarodowa konferencja konserwacji glinianej architektury "ADOBE 90"

Zastosowanie multispektralnej komputerowej analizy obrazów dla potrzeb diagnostyki konserwatorskiej

Przyczyny zniszczeń elewacji Starego Ratusza w Poznaniu

Komputerowe wspomaganie analizy i odczytywania pisma

Badania technologii budowlanej świątyń wieżowych Czamów

Udział soli rozpuszczalnych w wodzie w procesach niszczenia kamiennych obiektów zabytkowych oraz konserwatorskie sposoby ograniczania ich działania

Badania materiałoznawcze kamiennych tworzyw architektonicznych

Konserwacja murów z cegły suszonej na słońcu

Przyczynek do badań technologii budowlanej światyń wieżowych Czamów (Wietnam)

Zastosowanie polarografii do identyfikacji folii pozłotniczych

O potrzebie rewaloryzacji wczesnośredniowiecznej rotundy i palatium na Ostrowie Lednickim

Zastosowanie komputerowej analizy obrazów wizyjnych standardu VHS do badań przyczyn niszczenia budowli centrum ceremonialnego kultury Nasca : stanowisko Cahuachi, k/Nascua, Peru

Problematyka badawczo-konserwatorska budowli centrum ceremonialnego Cahuachi (Peru)

Oczyszczanie marmurowej rzeźby z nawarstwień gipsowych metodą elektrodializy membranowej

Odpowiedź na recenzję Prof. W. Domasłowskiego

Wpływ promieniowania nadfioletowego na parametry niektórych farb akrylowych

Komputerowy program dokumentacji stratygraficznej zabytków ruchomych

Problematyka badawcza i konserwatorska pomnika św. Trójcy w Bańskiej Szczawnicy