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EN
In the research on the deteriorating relations between the Evangelical-Reformed (Calvinist) minority and the Catholic majority of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the problems of mutual perception of the representatives of these denominations, as well as the evaluation of the realities of life in an increasingly Catholic state by the representatives of the Evangelical minority have been investigated the least. Based on two diaries by Evangelical-Reformed clergymen, Gabriel Dyjakiewicz and Jan Krzysztof Kraiński, who were active in Podlasie and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the turn of the eighteenth century, the author attempts to present the image of the world as perceived and presented on the pages of these two egodocuments. After analysing the diary entries, it cannot be concluded that their authors found themselves in a social and communicative vacuum, although both of them noticed the progressive isolation of Evangelical circles. According to the records, it also appears that interfaith relations in the everyday life were not as bad as contemporary historical studies suggest. Both authors had a positive attitude towards the state, felt to be its citizens and patriots, combining a strong Evangelical religious identity with a sense of community with the society of the predominantly Catholic Polish Nobles’ Republic. Neither of the diaries reflects on the civilisational and cultural differences between the society of the north-eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the world of Protestant Europe, known to both authors from their university studies.
PL
The study contains the reflection on the usefulness of the notion East-Central Europe as a historical region in the research on confessional relations in the early modern era. It begins with the description of the discussion on regionalization of European history, with particular emphasis on the frequently ideologized division into East and West. Next, the author recalls the genesis of the notion of East-Central Europe as a historical region, which was introduced after the Second World War by Oskar Halecki, and the popularization of this notion in the second half of the twentieth century. In the author’s opinion, the most important criterion in the evaluation of usefulness of this construct should be its research functionality checked not in syntheses or reviews, but in detailed research into specific problems, including comparative research.
PL
The Historical Region of East-Central Europe in Research into the History of Religion in the Modern EraRegional divisions have been examined in research focused on the history of Europe for long and not always from merely the workshop vantage point. The inclusion of a territory (tribal, state, national) into a given region possesses, as a rule, important political and ideological implications. On the other hand, pertinent scientific debates should refer to concrete problems and at times even research projects intent on seeking solutions and answers involving the application of comparativestudies.This minimal condition for studies about East-Central Europe was introduced as early as 1950 by Oskar Halecki. The functionality of the regional division of Europe proposed by Halecki was confirmed for East-Central Europe predominantly thanks to studies on the economy, assorted political-systemic questions and the specific political culture of the region. Recently, this assumption was confirmed, while modifying the idea launched by Halecki, by the research proposals formulated by Michael G. Müller, a German historian specialising in the history of East Europe.The process of distinguishing the region of East-Central Europe proves also useful in studies on the history of religion from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century since alongside the manorial-corvée economy and the estate system featuring the predominance of the gentry, it was precisely the extremely high level of religious and creed variety that was one of the most characteristic and permanent features of modern societies in East-Central Europe: the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the gentry, the lands of the Crown of St. Wenceslas, and the lands of the Crown of St. Stephen.
PL
L’Embarras de richesse, or to What is the New Book about the Four-Year Seym Dedicated – the History of Ideas, Political History or the History of Culture?After the Second World War there appeared in Poland a considerable number of publications about the history of the Catholic Church, although the political history of the eighteenth century remained insufficiently represented. The publishing of Richard Butterwick’s study (Polska rewolucja a Kościół katolicki. 1788–1792, Kraków 2012) fills this gap in historiography. The book is an expanded version of: The Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788–1792. A Political History (Oxford 2012, Oxford University Press). The first part of the book – Przed rewolucją – is a sui generis synthesis of the history of the Commonwealth from the first partition to the beginnings of the Great Seym. The remaining three parts deal with the history of the Great Seym to the period of the Targowica confederation. The book is written lucidly and with a slight distance towards the described events. Its great asset is the source material used by the author. A detailed and profound analysis of copious sources together with a thorough application of pertinent literature enabled R. Butterwick to depict the studied problems from various viewpoints against the backdrop of the activity of the Four-Year Seym and occasionally compared to the situation in Austria, France or Great Britain. The author demonstrated that for all practical purposes every discussion at the Seym referred to matters of the Church. The central theme of the book is an analysis of the decision-making process concerning the Church both at the Seym and backstage. The author proposed multi-motif reflections encompassing the entire work of the Great Seym and events transpiring behind the scenes. The book is a Seym monograph – naturally, profiled – and is the first work of its sort to take into account the whole period of the parliamentary debates. Owing to the diversity of the findings and the examined problems pertaining to political history, the history of ideas, and the political culture of the Polish elites at the end stage of the Commonwealth the presented publication will enter and long remain in scientific circulation.
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