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Sytuacja mniejszości polskiej na Litwie – dziś i w przeszłości

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Kundera W.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
|
2018
|
vol. 27
|
issue 3
111-137
EN
During the Polish-Lithuanian Union (1385–1795) Polish nobles, clergy, merchants and townspeople were moved to the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This period was negatively assessed by the Lithuanian society because of “polonization” and anarchy. After the First World War, Poles found themselves in a difficult situation in Lithuania. The Lithuanians did not want to reunite with our country and repressed the Polish minority living in the vicinity of Vilnius. Poles were thrown out of flats, Polish schools were closed, and Polish symbols were destroyed. Oppression intensified during World War II, when Lithuania collaborated with the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, wanting to deport Poles from the Vilnius region. Despite the signing by Poland and Lithuania of the “Treaty on Friendly Relations and Good Neighborly Cooperation” in 1994, the situation of the Polish minority is still difficult. Lithuanians violate a number of our minority rights, such as the right to their own education (Article 15 of the Treaty), first and last name (Article 14), bilingual signs to short-circuit towns inhabited by the Polish minority (Article 13 paragraph 2 and Article 15), the right to participate in public life (Article 14), the prohibition of discrimination and assimilation (Article 15), religious rights (Article 13 (2), Article 14 and Article 15) and the right to have own memorial sites (art. 23).
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Federalny Trybunał Konstytucyjny Niemiec o wolności wyznania i sumienia

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Kundera W.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
|
2019
|
vol. 28
|
issue 3
149-160
EN
Freedom of conscience and confession is a right of every human being to profess a chosen religion or not to practice any religion and to practice it freely without consequences in the form of discrimination or privileging. Sometimes the implementation of this right is hindered by institutional solutions, tradition and prejudices, which prompts an individual to take legal steps. In Germany, the courts competent to consider cases in this field are the courts of general jurisdiction in the Länder. The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) deals with constitutional complaints about violations of the right of freedom of conscience, confession and religion by public authorities, shaping the standards of protection of this right in Germany. The article presents a wide spectrum of judgments regarding discriminatory treatment of a person because of their religion and beliefs, equality of churches and denominations and the state policy towards churches. These judgments prove that religious freedom is not treated by the Tribunal as absolute freedom.
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