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  1. 2 Prawo Morskie

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  1. 1 2007

  2. 1 2005

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  1. 2 Kubiak K.

  2. 1 Makowski A.

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1

Armed security groups aboard merchant vessels - legal aspects

100%
Kubiak K.
Prawo Morskie
|
2007
|
vol. 23
109-118
EN
Organized security groups are operational on board some commercial vessels. These are professional, units comprised of personnel whose only duties are to ensure that the overall physical safety of the vessel is maintained. Since maritime law does not take a position regarding such services, it can be concluded that the formation and maintenance of them is legal. Nevertheless, in order for potential actions taken by such groups to be acknowledged, as legal, they must not exceed repelling direct attacks on the guarded vessel. It is not likely that attempts will be made in the nearest future to bring this issue under the detailed regulation of international law. The principles guiding the actions of security groups are governed by the laws of the country of the ship's flag. The role of the security officer has increased significantly within the hierarchy of the ship's command. On the majority of large passenger vessels this is now a full-time position, and the person in charge of security is directly subordinate to the captain.
2

Contemporary maritime disputes - based on examples of claims for archipelagos in the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan

63%
Makowski A., Kubiak K.
Prawo Morskie
|
2005
|
vol. 21
61-73
EN
The authors attempted to present the state of disputes regarding the delimitation of marine areas based on a discussion of the practices of countries in the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan region. The authors describe the disputes regarding the islands of Senaku (Diaoyu) between both China and Taiwan and Japan and those over the Dokdo (Takeshima) archipelago between the Republic of Korea and Japan. There are many similarities between these two marine territorial disputes. The core of the disputes is land that is devoid of significant economic importance. Due to this, these areas were not previously of interest to coastal countries. They came to the forefront when their location facilitated determining exclusive economic zones. This intensified when evidence of crude oil and natural gas resources was detected in these areas. Tensions eased when geological reports revealed that initial estimates were overly optimistic. The fundamental cause of disputes over archipelagos is that they can be used to determine exclusive economic zones. The problem is compounded when the politicians of Eastern Asia incite historical remembrance. This is especially evident in the cases of Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and China, whose governments are, to some extent, hostages of ultra-nationalistic factions.
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