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Dialektika mezi neidentitou a imanencí

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Bojda M.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 3
397-413
EN
This study discusses the limits of Marx’s reinterpretation of Hegel’s conception of dialectics as a self-mediation of the fundamental by way of historical reality: we will show Marx’s disessentialisation of the (already quite monistic) Hegelian absolute spirit, and the consequences of Marx’s conception of consciousness as of a conscious being for the concept of culture, reduced that is to interest-conditioned, “ideological” praxis and its self-reflection. The study thus subjects to criticism the reduction of objectivi¬ty to totality in György Lukács, the founder of modern western Marxism; it points to the residuum (in no way objectively unlicensed) of self-positing subjecti¬vism in his “class-consciousness”; and it compares this immanentist conception with, on the one hand, the utopian conception of Ernst Bloch, foreshadowing Derrida’s stress on the auto criti¬cism of Marxism as a philosophy of the historicity of categories (as Lukács himself theo¬retically understood it!), and, on the other hand, with the dialectical non identity of the possible of Theodor W. Adorno. By reflecting on Marx’s concept of (historical) consciousness (of conscious Being) through critical insight into its most (in our view) signi¬ficant interpretations of the 20th century, the study attempts to capture the limi¬ts of the monistically-conceived dialectic for democratic social pra¬xis, preserving the “principle of hope” in the openness of the unsubsumable individual.
2
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Existenciální racionalismus Karla Jasperse

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Bojda M.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue 1
75-98
EN
Karl Jaspers received much attention in the interwar period as the founder of a new philosophy of existence that, however, was – in tandem with his psychological training, focus on “borderline situations” of human experience, and critique of philosophical systems – often misinterpreted as a form of subjectivism or irrationalism. The study presented here strives to depict the substance of Jaspers’ use of the philosophy of existence for a new reconstruction of human rationality, of the universal characteristics of humanity. Understanding these characteristics shall, in his estimation, help us to resist the degradation of human dignity in modern totalitarianism and in the global economic-technological system, in which the values of humanity, as defined by Jaspers’ philosophy, have ceased being decisive criteria. The study presents Jaspers’ anchoring of existence in the relationship to transcendence and of individuality in the communication with others, as well as his critique of monistic thinking, which in his philosophical conception does not allow for plurality.
CS
Karl Jaspers proslul v meziválečné době jako zakladatel nové filosofie existence, která však byla v kombinaci s jeho psychologickým školením, zaostřením na ,,mezní situace“ lidského prožívání a kritikou filosofických systémů často dezinterpretována jako forma subjektivismu či iracionalismu. Předložená studie se pokouší vystihnout jádro Jaspersova využití filosofie existence pro novou rekonstrukci lidské racionality, univerzálních charakteristik lidství. Jejich pochopení mělo podle Jasperse vzdorovat pokořování lidské důstojnosti v moderních totalitách a v globálním ekonomicko-technologickém provozu, pro něž hodnoty lidství, jak je definuje Jaspersova filosofie, přestaly být určujícími měřítky. Studie ukazuje Jaspersovo ukotvení existence ve vztahu k transcendenci a individuality v komunikaci s druhým a jeho kritiku monistického myšlení, které pluralitu ve smyslu jeho filosofické koncepce neumožňuje.
3
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Isaak Iselin: Gesammelte Schriften 2014-2018

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Bojda M.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2021
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vol. 119
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issue 2
387-393
EN
The review article deals with a new comprehensive edition of the works of the Swiss Enlightenment by Isaak Iselin and his contribution to the formation of Enlightenment historiography in connection with the philosophy of history and mankind. Iselin was one of the pioneers of the thematization of the “history of mankind” (the title of his main work) and its developmental conception as the history of reason, culture, and humanity.
4
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Filosofie Wolfganga Haricha ve světle jeho pozůstalosti

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Bojda M.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 2
363-380
EN
This review study is dedicated to the work of the German philosopher Wolfgang Harich. In the light of a new edition of his collected works, the author situates Harich’s work in the philosophical and historical contexts out of which it grew. The edition under discussion shows the admirable scope of Harich’s philosophical legacy – its range, erudition and originality. His uniqueness arises especially in regards to the persecutions to which he was subjected in the former GDR and from which it inter alia emerges that a great part of his work in the collected edition is being published for the first time. The study shows the main features of Harich’s thinking to be a significant contribution to the systematic development of Marxist philosophy in the 20th century and interprets them with regard to the newly made available sources, probably for the first time in the Czech environment.
CS
Tato recenzní studie je věnována dílu německého filosofa Wolfganga Haricha. Ve světle nové edice jeho pozůstalosti zasazuje Harichovo dílo do filosofických i historických kontextů, z nichž vyrůstalo. Recenzovaná edice dokazuje obdivuhodný záběr Harichova filosofického odkazu, jeho rozsah, fundovanost i originalitu. Jeho mimořádnost vyvstává zejména vzhledem k perzekucím, jimž byl Harich vystavován v bývalé NDR a z nichž mj. vyplynulo, že větší část jeho díla v pozůstalostní edici vychází vůbec poprvé. Studie ukazuje hlavní rysy Harichova myšlení jako významný příspěvek k systematickému rozvinutí marxistické filosofie ve 20. století a vykládá je s ohledem na nově zpřístupněné prameny. V českém prostředí se tak děje pravděpodobně poprvé.
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