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PL
Praca jest próbą przedstawienia alternatywnej metody w procesie nauczania wychowania fizycznego. Obecnie najistotniejszym problemem wychowania fizycznego jest jego mała atrakcyjność w stosunku do innych form aktywności dostępnych dla młodzieży, takich jak nowoczesne technologie. Podczas lekcji wychowania fizycznego uczniowie czują się znu­dzeni i rozczarowani. Istnieje potrzeba stworzenia przyjaznego i atrakcyjnego środowiska dla uczniów podczas każdej lekcji. Pomocna może być tu nielinearna pedagogika będąca holistycznym podłożem teoretycznym dla Teaching Games for Understanding, postrzegająca ucznia jako współtwórcę procesu nauczania. W artykule pokazano różnicę pomiędzy po­dejściem tradycyjnym a nielinearnym względem wymiaru technicznego, taktycznego oraz mentalnego. Ideą nielinearnej pedagogiki jest ukazanie różnych dróg dojścia do określonego celu oraz zwrócenie uwagi na brak idealnego wzorca ruchowego i wzorowego rozwiązania w sytuacjach boiskowych. Uczniowie rozwijani są poprzez modelowanie zmiennymi doty­czącymi uczestnika, środowiska oraz zadania, dzięki czemu nauczyciel ma możliwość dużej indywidualizacji procesu. Dzięki ukierunkowanemu odkrywaniu uczeń ma poczucie autonomii podczas zajęć. Nielinearna pedagogika może zwiększyć wkład wychowania fizycznego w rozwój jakości życia uczniów, wyposażając ich w umiejętności życiowe oraz zachęcając do aktywnego spędzania czasu wolnego.
EN
The paper is an attempt to present an alternative approach to teaching physical education. The main problem of current physical education is its low attractiveness as compared with other forms of activity available for youth, such as those offered by new technologies. During physical education classes, students feel bored and disappointed. There is a need to create a friendly, attractive environment for pupils during each class. The problem could be helped by nonlinear pedagogy, which is the holistic theoretical basis for Teaching Games for Understanding; it perceives a student as a co-creator of the learning process. The paper indicates the difference between the traditional and nonlinear approaches with respect to the technical, tactical, and mental dimensions. The idea of nonlinear pedagogy is to show that there is no one ideal pattern of movement or perfect solution in game situations. Stu­dents can develop through modelling with variables referring to the participant, environment, or task. Thus, the teacher can apply strongly individualized strategies. Owing to guided discovering, students can experience their autonomy in class. Nonlinear pedagogy can enhance the contribution of physical education to the development of students’ quality of life, equipping them with life skills and encouraging to active leisure.
PL
Cel badań. Celem badań było porównanie zmian poziomu umiejętności grafomotorycznych uczniów klas pierwszych szkół podstawowych uczestniczących w zajęciach ruchowych realizowanych z zastosowaniem różnych metod aktywizacji fizycznej: edubal, Metody Dobrego Startu oraz metody ćwiczeń i zabaw ruchowych. Materiał i metody. Eksperyment pedagogiczny przeprowadzono w grupie 140 uczniów w wieku 6–7 lat. W badaniach wykorzystano techniki grup równoległych w naturalnych warunkach. Uczniów podzielono na trzy grupy: dwie eksperymentalne (Edubal i MDS) oraz kontrolną (K). W grupie Edubal prowadzono zajęcia z wykorzystaniem piłek edukacyjnych edubal, a w grupie MDS zastosowano Metodę Dobrego Startu. Zajęcia w grupie kontrolnej obejmowały ćwiczenia i zabawy ruchowe. Wszystkie grupy realizowały program nauczania zgodnie z podstawą programową. Przed rozpoczęciem i po zakończeniu eksperymentu przeprowadzono test „Profil umiejętności grafomotorycznych”. Wyniki. Umiejętności grafomotoryczne uczniów z grup eksperymentalnych były większe niż uczniów z grupy kontrolnej. Płeć badanych wpływała w niektórych wypadkach na wyniki badanych uczniów. Wnioski. Zajęcia ruchowe z wykorzystaniem metody edubal oraz Metody Dobrego Startu są skuteczniejszym sposobem oddziaływania na poziom umiejętności grafomotorycznych uczniów w porównaniu z zajęciami prowadzonymi metodą ćwiczeń i zabaw ruchowych. Płeć uczniów różnicowała (ale nie zawsze) istotnie wyniki umiejętności grafomotorycznych uczniów.
EN
Background. The aim of the research was to compare changes in the level of graphomotor skills of first-grade elementary school pupils who participate in physical activity classes with various physical activation methods: edubal (educational balls), the Method of Good Start (MGS), as well as motor exercises and games. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 140 pupils, as a pedagogical experiment carried out with the technique of parallel groups in natural conditions. The pupils were divided into three groups: two experimental ones (edubal and MGS) and one control group (implementing classes based on motor exercises and games). All the groups carried out the teaching program in accordance with the core curriculum. The experiment was preceded and followed by the ‘Graphomotor skills profile’ test. Results. The research proved that the graphomotor skills of pupils in the experimental groups were higher than those of the control group. Sex was a differentiating factor (though not always) as for graphomotor skills. Conclusions. Physical activity classes run with the edubal and MGS methods have turned out a more effective way to improve graphomotor skills of pupils than classes implementing motor exercises and games. Girls present a higher level of graphomotor skills as compared with boys.
XX
This paper presents the results of the research on the physical activity of school youth in three European countries (Poland, Bulgaria, Kosovo) which are at different stages of socio-economic development and, therefore, of different possibilities and conditions in terms of leisure and mobility. The purpose of this cognitive study was to diagnose certain aspects of the lifestyle of young people aged 13-16 from Kosovo, Bulgaria and Poland, with a particular focus on physical activity. The practical aim, however, was an indication of such actions, arising from past experience that would aim at improving lifestyle, and could lead to the elimination or prevention of certain causes of physical inactivity by the youth of the countries surveyed. The research was conducted by the use of a diagnostic survey of a group of 524 people aged 13-16, among whom there were 88 people from Bulgaria, 136 people from Poland and 300 people from Kosovo. The research material was collected in 2012. The research that was carried out shows that the level of wealth (not so much of the family, but of the specific country) may have an impact on the choice of activities chosen by the youth. Undoubtedly socio-cultural factors and the tradition of social life, which impose certain ways of spending leisure time (as can be seen particularly in the case of the Bulgarian and Kosovar youth) are also of great importance. The above observations, taking into account local conditions, should be the starting point for all those who plan to introduce changes in the physical education systems in each of these countries in the future.
EN
Background. Practical PE teacher training during school placements is an important part of the process of education of physical education students and have a large impact on their preparation for the profession and the quality of teacher’s work. The quality of students’ practical teacher training is reflected in the standard of PE classes run at school and children’s participation in these classes. Therefore, many studies deal with this topic. There are also pro­jects which aim to improve the organization of students’ teacher training in physical education. This paper presents the main weaknesses and challenges of practical school placement systems and a variety of solutions already implemented in Poland and other countries in Europe and the United States. Material and methods. In this article the computer-based literature search was conducted in the following databases: EBSCOHost, PubMed, Science Direct, ScienceDirect On Line. Also manual search of all available issues of pertinent journals was carried out. Results. The findings suggest that there is too little involvement of university teachers in the practical school placements. Conclusions. There is the need to improve co­operation between university teachers and the physical education teachers during physical education teacher training.
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