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EN
NATO membership has been widely debated in Finland and Sweden, so the North Atlantic Alliance might soon be confronted with an official membership application from one or even both countries. Hence the article examines NATO enlargement northwards in Europe and its consequences from the international perspective, focusing on key stakeholders’ potential reactions. While NATO is likely to welcome the new members, Russia’s hostile response is analysed with a view to outlining the scope of its potential reaction rather than predicting specific measures that might be taken by Moscow.
EN
The academic discussion on the specificity of the hybrid warfare concept and its unique methods has been going on for almost a decade now and has been dominated by military strategists. The question whether a hybrid war is a new phenomenon or just another fashionable label to denominate the complexity of modern warfare has not been resolved, but the concept is particularly useful in examining the recent Russian-Ukrainian conflict. This article aims to analyse the conflict from a very narrow angle of the key characteristics of modern hybrid warfare, attempting in particular to explain what hybrid warfare actually is in the Ukrainian context and to assess the potential for Russia’s extension of the new hybrid methods to other states, first of all the post-Soviet neighbouring countries.
EN
With tensions in the Baltic region rising significantly, the debate on Finland and Sweden’s potential NATO membership has also been intensifying as a result first and foremost of the Ukrainian crisis and its international repercussions, although such a Nordic enlargement has in fact been debated since the end of the cold war. The article looks at the potential NATO enlargement through the prism of recent developments, examining the issue from the perspective of the two Nordic countries involved as well as that of the current NATO members. Also reviewed is the potentially hostile response of Russia as the key stakeholder in the process along with strategic military consequences, in particular in the Baltic and Arctic regions, which might be crucial from the Alliance’s perspective. The fundamental question today is whether by enhancing cooperation with NATO Helsinki and Stockholm have already reached the “point of no return” or they still remain flexible in their national security choices
PL
W artykule przestawiono wyniki przeprowadzonego badania potencjalnych i pożądanych interakcji pomiędzy sektorem publicznym i doradcami zewnętrznym w zakresie wdrażania projektów publicznych w modelu koncesyjnym i w formie partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego. Badanie objęło cztery projekty realizowane obecnie w Polsce i zostało przeprowadzone w formie analizy studium przypadku. Prezentowane w artykule wyniki przeprowadzonego badania mogą znaleźć zastosowanie w usprawnieniu procesu podejmowania decyzji odnośnie zasadności i właściwych form oraz obszarów problemowych wykorzystania doradców zewnętrznych przez władze publiczne we wdrażaniu projektów PPP i koncesyjnych.
EN
The article presents the potential and the desired interaction between the public sector and external consultants in the process of implementation of public projects in the concession model and in the form of public-private partnerships. The study included four projects currently implemented in Poland and was conducted through case study analysis. The results presented in the paper can be used to streamline the process of deciding on using external consultants and to determine the appropriate forms and problem areas of using external consultants by the public authorities in the implementation of PPP and concession projects.
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