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PL
Horrory tłumaczeniowe czy tłumacze z piekła rodem? Czyli kilka słów o efektywności komunikacji interlingwalnej
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The paper deals with the problem of translating selected insolvency terminology from Polish into English and from English into Polish. The re- search corpora encompassed the Insolvency Act 1986 (England and Wales) as amended and Ustawa z dnia 28 lutego 2003. Prawo upadłościowe i naprawcze [the Act on Polish Insolvency and Rehabilitation Law of 28th February 2003 as amended]. The research methods included: (i) the comparison of parallel texts, (ii) the method of axiomatisation of the legal linguistic reality, (iii) the termino- logical analysis of the corpus material, (iv) the concept of adjusting the target text to the communicative needs and requirements of the community of recipients and (v) the techniques of providing equivalents for non-equivalent terminology. The research hypothesis has been so formulated that the parametrisation of legal reality may assist in finding more adequate equivalents and determine differences in meaning of compared source and target language terms, which in turn facilitates the choice of a more adequate technique of providing equivalents for non-equivalent or partially equivalent legal terminology meeting the com- municative needs of translation recipients. The research results revealed that insolvency terminology is highly system-bound and available equivalents may often be misleading for the community of target text recipients
EN
This paper deals with the analysis of language and translation mistakes and errors in the translation of Polish testaments into English. This article presents a selection of examples from the translation assignments of students of the postgraduate School of Translation, Interpreting and Foreign Languages at Adam Mickiewicz University. The author presents incorrect translations into English and explains why they are not proper in the translative situation. The examples are illustrated with the author’s suggestions of correct equivalents. There is also a short description of the spotted types of language and translation errors and mistakes. The identified problems result from the translation method applied (which is not always properly chosen), syntactic and grammatical differences between Polish and English, as well as culturally-conditioned differences in Polish and English legal realities.
EN
This paper gives short characteristics of historically-conditioned differences in legal realities of the Polish and English legal languages. Then, the translation strategy suggested by Kierzkowska in her book Legal Translation is discussed. Twelve methods of providing translation equivalents for non-equivalent terminology are presented. Finally, the author gives examples from the Polish Civil Code of 1964 to illustrate the possibility of using the Louisiana Civil Code as a terminological and phraseological database of equivalents for Polish statutory terms. The tables included in the paper show selected terms from the field of property and contracts among others taken from the Polish Civil Code of 23 April 1964 and a comparison of equivalents suggested by bilingual dictionaries available on the Polish market, the translation of this Code done by the Polish Society of Economic, Legal and Court Translators TEPIS.
PL
This paper gives short characteristics of historically-conditioned differences in legal realities of the Polish and English legal languages. Then, the translation strategy suggested by Kierzkowska in her book Legal Translation is discussed. Twelve methods of providing translation equivalents for non-equivalent terminology are presented. Finally, the author gives examples from the Polish Civil Code of 1964 to illustrate the possibility of using the Louisiana Civil Code as a terminological and phraseological database of equivalents for Polish statutory terms. The tables included in the paper show selected terms from the field of property and contracts among others taken from the Polish Civil Code of 23 April 1964 and a comparison of equivalents suggested by bilingual dictionaries available on the Polish market, the translation of this Code done by the Polish Society of Economic, Legal and Court Translators TEPIS.
EN
The author intends to present a possibility of parametrising legal terminology in order to reveal semantic and systemic relations at the intralingual and interlingual levels. The scope of the research comprises selected legal terminology from the following legal systems: Polish, British, American and European Union. The research methods used include: (i) the analysis of comparable texts, (ii) the method of parametrisation of the legal linguistic reality, (iii) the concept of adjusting translation to the communicative needs and requirements of the recipient community. The research hypothesis is that parametrisation of legal terminology in respect of semantic and systemic relations may be a useful tool in organising and comparing terminology for the purpose of legal translation. First the relation of synonymy binding terms at the intralingual and interlingual levels in the light of systemic and genre-related relations is discussed. The proposal is illustrated with examples of legal terms and the networks of relations binding them in English and Polish. The conclusions are that such an approach is systematic and provides a translator with information necessary to render communicatively efficient translations.
PL
This article is to explain and compare the structure of legal definitions in English, Hungarian and Polish statutory instruments. Legal definitions are a tool enabling to make terms and legal texts more precise and unambiguous. There is a wide array of legal definitions. The following definitions will be discussed in this article: (i) definitions in the form of glossaries, (ii) bracket definitions within clauses, and (iii) non-bracket definitions within clauses. The following types of definitions will be compared: (i) parity definitions (1. classic definitions, 2. limited classic definitions, 3. non-classic definitions and within that category especially incomplete, complete, complete blank and partial definitions, 4. aggregative definitions), (ii) non-parity definitions (1. iconographic definitions and 2. conditional definitions). 
PL
This paper presents the macrostructure of Chinese, English and Polish school certificates and university diplomas (Hughes, Varó 2002) in the aspect of translation. The language and vocabulary used in Chinese, Polish and English certificates and diplomas are researched into. The conclusions are that the historically conditioned differences in legal realities in China, Taiwan, Poland (the impact of the partitions and the Communist regime) and the English-speaking countries affect the structure and contents of such certificates and diplomas. Thus, Polish certificates and diplomas are more similar to British and American ones. However, certificates and diplomas executed in China have different macrostructure (they are in a form of a book). As a consequence, some legal terms and expressions which appear in them do not occur in Polish and English.
PL
This paper discusses the problems connected with mistranslation of idioms, emotionally marked expressions and false cognates. The purpose of the paper is to present the main foundations of misinformation and communication noise which result from the fact that foreign language learners are unaware of (i) the existence of false cognates, and (ii) thedifferences between the literal meaning and the implied one as far as emotionally marked expressions and idioms are concerned. It often causes communication breakdowns and equivalence deficiency in interlingual communication. The authors give examples of such idioms, emotionally marked expressions and false cognates and discuss the communicative aspects connected with such misinformation. Finally, the paper includes the suggestions of techniques which may be used by foreign language teachers in order to make the language learners aware of those problems. What follows at the end of the paper is a collection of four activities for English learners which are designed to teach them how to distinguish those problematic words and expressions and to make them understand the impact of communication noise on the messages produced by them.
PL
This paper discusses the history of Latin maxims and expressions in English, Estonian and Polish legal languages and the influence of Latin on contemporary legal language and its translation. A number of maxims and expressions were examined by comparing their present meanings in those three legal systems. A selection of fifteen of them is presented in the article, namely: ab intestato, corpus iuris civilis, error iuris, fraus est celerem fraudem, ignorantia iuris neminem excusat, impossibilium nulla est obligatio, inter arma silent leges, ipso iure, lex non scripta, pacta sunt servanda, qui tacet – consentire videtur, restitutio in integrum,m sub iudice, and summum ius summa iniuria. The term Actio Pauliana which is used in the bankruptcy law is used here to show how translators may use Latin terms in order to find proper translation equivalents. Finally, the authors point out the differences in pronunciation and spelling of Latin maxims and expressions in English, Estonian and Polish.
EN
Legal linguistics or jurilinguistics as it has been called recently, is a relatively new field of research. The first research into the field started with analysing the content of laws (the epistemic stage). Later on, lawyers started being interested in manners of communicating laws (the heuristic stage). This Special Issue of Comparative Legilinguistics contains two texts devoted to the development of legal linguistics, legal languages and legal translation and two papers on an institutional stratification of legal linguistics. It is a continuation of research published in the same journal (Special Issue no. 45 titled “The Evil Twins and Their Silent Otherness in Law and Legal Translation”) providing some insights into the problems of communication in legal settings.
PL
PROJEKT BADAWCZY: Polsko-estońsko-angielski elektroniczny słownik tematyczny Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Kierownik projektu: prof. dr hab. Jerzy Bańczerowski KBN: 1 H01D 038 26
EN
This article deals with the analysis of problems in translation of EU directives from English into Polish. The examples were taken from three directives regulating medicine, biology and biotechnology-related matters. The authors have discussed the translation problems and classified mistakes and errors identified in the Polish-language versions and have given their translation suggestions. A short description of characteristic features of selected problems has been given. The authors also discuss the main roots of problems occurring in translations of texts formulated in more than one LSP.
PL
This article deals with the analysis of problems in translation of EU directives from English into Polish. The examples were taken from three directives regulating medicine, biology and biotechnology-related matters. The authors have discussed the translation problems and classified mistakes and errors identified in the Polish-language versions and have given their translation suggestions. A short description of characteristic features of selected problems has been given. The authors also discuss the main roots of problems occurring in translations of texts formulated in more than one LSP. 
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PREFACE

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