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Rozszerzenie Unii Europejskiej na Wschód – geneza, rezultaty, perspektywy

100%
Milczarek D.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2014
|
issue 1
9-36
EN
The article comprises a concise synthesis of history, the achievements and prospects for further development of the processes European Union eastern enlargement. Initially, these processes concerned the group of post-Communist countries of East and Central Europe which expressed the desire to join the EU. Following long and diffi cult preparations on both sides, 11 states fi nally achieved this in 2004–2013. This has brought very positive results for both the new members and the EU as a whole. However, in the broadly understood East of Europe, there remains a group of countries of which some also aspire to become members of the EU and undertake various efforts to further this goal. The European Union supports these efforts, but it does not have any clearly defi ned policy in this respect. The reason for this are primarily differences of interest on both the EU level and the level of the individual Member States, especially among the most powerful ones among them. At present, everything seems to indicate that the possibilities of swift continuation of the EU eastward enlargement have been exhausted. The candidate countries struggle with a complicated and diffi cult internal and international situation, while in most countries of the ‘old’ EU we can observe a distinct reluctance to see the EU enlarge further. The position of the new members, and especially Poland, will not be of any help here, because while the eastern enlargement is very important to them, they’re voice is not yet strong enough to prevail over the others.
2

WORLD IN TRANSITION AS AN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

100%
Milczarek D.
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
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2010
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vol. 13
19-39
EN
The aim of this article is to make an attempt at characterising the international environment of the EU. The shape and evolution of this environment is of great significance, as the processes taking place in the contemporary world are important factors influencing the course of European integration. The characteristics of the major features of present international relations is followed by the analysis of transformations in the global distribution of power, divided into sections focusing on economic, military and political power.
3
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Polska jako kreator polityki wschodniej Unii Europejskiej

100%
Milczarek D.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 4
27-48
EN
The article is an attempt to evaluate Poland’s role as a country that initiates and executes the European Union’s policy towards Eastern Europe. The starting point of the discussion is a presentation of the nature and evolution of the EU’s Eastern Policy, taking into account its definition, main objectives, genesis, as well as the geographical location and time frame. It has also been pointed out that this policy constitutes the Eastern component of a broader structure: the European Neighbourhood Policy, divided into strategic partnership with Russia and a new element, established on the initiative of the Polish diplomacy, called the Eastern partnership. Against this background, the author analyses the role of the Polish diplomacy, for whom active participation in the EU’s Eastern Policy is one of the key elements necessary for safeguarding Polish national interest. In this context, the author presents the main Polish political and diplomatic initiatives and undertakings in this regard. The articles culminates with a brief attempt to evaluate the achievements and shortcomings of Poland’s engagement in shaping the EU’s Eastern Policy.
4

Eastward Enlargement of the European Union – a Success Story or an Unfi nished Project? The Polish Point of View

100%
Milczarek D.
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
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2014
|
vol. 17
s.59-90
EN
This article presents a concise analysis, performed from Poland’s point of view, of the genesis, effects and future prospects of the enlargement of the European Union to the east. Initially, the enlargement concerned a group of 11 post-communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, which became members of the EU between 2004 and 2013, and has brought about positive results for both the new members and for the EU as a whole. In the broadly defi ned east of Europe, however, there is still a group of countries aspiring to EU membership and taking various measures towards this end. The European Union supports these efforts, but has no full and clearly defi ned policy in this regard. There is much to indicate that the possibilities of further EU enlargement to the east are presently exhausted. The candidate countries are greatly hindered in their striving for EU membership by their complicated internal and international situations, while most EU Member States are distinctly unwilling to accept new members at this time. This will not change even despite the positions of such countries as Poland, which considers the enlargement of the EU to the east vital to its interests, but which so far does not have suffi cient stature for its voice to take precedence.
5
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Międzynarodowa pozycja Unii Europejskiej po rozszerzeniu

100%
Milczarek D.
Problemy Zarządzania
|
2005
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issue 3/2005 (9)
93-113
PL
Rozszerzenie Unii Europejskiej w 2004 r. było historycznie ważnym wydarzeniem oddziałującym nie tylko na państwa nowoprzyjęte, ale także na całą Unię. Dotyczyło to także międzynarodowej pozycji UE, która zależy od potencjału, jakim ugrupowanie to dysponuje w stosunkach ze światem zewnętrznym. Potencjał ten obejmuje realne zasoby geograficzne, ekonomiczne, demograficzno-społeczne, technologiczne, militarne itp. wszystkich państw członkowskich. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i analiza wpływu, jaki wywarło ostatnie rozszerzenie na ewolucję potencjału Unii Europejskiej w świecie. Wpływu tego nie da się scharakteryzować jednoznacznie. W pewnych dziedzinach rozszerzenie pogłębiło negatywne trendy już wcześniej występujące w ramach "Piętnastki" (np. w odniesieniu do wskaźników makroekonomicznych liczonych per capita). Z drugiej jednak strony, okazało się, że pomimo swej relatywnie gorszej pozycji ekonomiczno-społecznej nowe państwa członkowskie potrafiły wnieść do UE poważne atuty i zasoby (m.in. w zakresie wydatnego zwiększenia potencjału demograficznego i społecznego, np. w sferze edukacji młodzieży). Chociaż jest jeszcze za wcześnie na wyciąganie ostatecznych wniosków, ogólnie można stwierdzić, że rozszerzenie stwarza dla Unii - dzięki swoistemu "odświeżeniu krwi" - lepsze szanse przyszłego rozwoju, w tym także dalsze wzmocnienie jej pozycji na arenie międzynarodowej.
EN
Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 was the event of crucial historical importance, which had an impact not only on new entrants, but on the whole EU as well. The same holds true for the EU's international position which largely depends on the potential this organisation can rely on in its relations with the outside world. This includes geographic, economic, demographic and social, technological, military, and other resources of all its Member States. The article was intended to present and analyse the influence the last round of enlargement had upon the evolution of the European Union global potential. Such influence cannot be described unambiguously. In fact, in some areas negative trends previously existing in the former Fifteen were aggravated (for example, macro-economic ratios per capita). On the other hand, however, it occurred that despite their relative inferior economic and social condition, new Member States managed to contribute serious assets and resources to the EU (e.g. as regards ample reinforcement of its demographic and social potential, for instance in the area of education of youth). While it is yet too early to draw ultimate conclusions, generally it remains safe to argue that the enlargement, owing to an injection "fresh blood", provides the EU with better opportunities for future growth, including consolidation of its international standing.
6
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Potęga i niemoc. Unia Europejska jako aktor w stosunkach międzynarodowych (część 1)

63%
Zajączkowski K., Milczarek D.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2015
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issue 1
9-28
EN
The article analyses the European Union as an important actor in con-temporary international relations. The first part of the paper characterises and defines the EU as a specific, unique participant in international re-lations and subsequently presents its capabilities and instruments in this sphere. These capabilities result from the EU’s high position and role in the global arena, and the EU’s most important instrument in this context is external policy, which includes economic external relations (in which the EU is an economic giant) as well as the foreign and security policy, the weaknesses of which make the EU a political/military dwarf. The second part of the article is devoted to an analysis of these problems, examines the main deficiencies of the EU’s foreign policy and proposes remedies, including greater Communitisation of the foreign and security policy to improve its effectiveness. The final deliberations focus on the attempt to predict the position of the European Union in the future world, most probably more multipolar than the world of today.
7
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Potęga i niemoc. Unia Europejska jako aktor w stosunkach międzynarodowych. (część 1)

63%
Milczarek D., Zajaczkowski K.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 2
9-26
EN
The article analyses the European Union as an important actor in con-temporary international relations. The first part of the paper characterises and defines the EU as a specific, unique participant in international re¬lations and subsequently presents its capabilities and instruments in this sphere. These capabilities result from the EU’s high position and role in the global arena, and the EU’s most important instrument in this context is external policy, which includes economic external relations (in which the EU is an economic giant) as well as the foreign and security policy, the weaknesses of which make the EU a political/military dwarf. The second part of the article is devoted to an analysis of these problems, examines the main deficiencies of the EU’s foreign policy and proposes remedies, including greater Communitisation of the foreign and security policy to improve its effectiveness. The final deliberations focus on the attempt to predict the position of the European Union in the future world, most probably more multipolar than the world of today.
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