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Historia w życiu i twórczości Bogdana Nawroczyńskiego (1882–1974)

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Dormus K.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2021

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vol. 66

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issue 3

9–29

EN

History in Bogdan Nawroczyński’s life and work manifested itself in three ways: 1. in his personal life, when he made history as a participant in the 1905 school strikes, 2. in his works serving as a research source in the fields of history and education, and – most importantly – 3. in his own research on the history of pedagogical thought. By highlighting the humanistic aspect of pedagogy as, first and foremost, a broadly defined study of humanity, Nawroczyński called attention to the need to place pedagogical research in the historical and sociological context. He saw it as necessary for pedagogy to become a fully-fledged academic field.

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ANTONINA KRECHOWIECKA (1791-1831) - A FORGOTTEN LVOV WRITER IN GIRLS' EDUCATION FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY (Antonina Krechowiecka (1791-1831) zapomniana lwowska publicystka poczatku XIX wieku o wychowaniu dziewczat)

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Dormus K.

Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty

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2009

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vol. 46

25-47

EN

Antonina Krechowiecka (1791-1831) - a publicist, translator and writer is nowadays almost completely forgotten. She was connected with Lvov circles, and her literary ontput occurs in the years 1817-1827. Her reflective and philosophical articles, aphorisms, literary reviews, anecdotes and historical and moral novelettes were published in the columns of 'Pamietnik Lwowski' (Lvov Diary), 'Pszczola Polska' (Polish Bee) and 'Rozmaitosci' (Miscellany). She is also an author of the noveI entitled: 'Kazimierz i Jadwiga. Skutki dobrego wychowania', Lwów 1827 (Kazimierz and Jadwiga. Results of Good Education), and represents quite numerous circles of women that used to take up literary works in those days. She is a typical writer of the tuming-point of two literary epochs - classicism and romanticism, and two political periods - independent Poland and Poland under partitions. Krechowiecka began her literary career in the years 1817-1818 in the columns of 'Pamietnik Lwowski' (Lvov Diary) with a series of articles conceming widely understood education of girls of the Ianded gentry. Publishing her articles, she got ahead of other contemporary authors, who used to concentrate on the issue of girls' education as, for instance, Klementyna Hoffmanowa maiden name Tanska, or Anna Nakwaska. However, her impact on contemporary ideas - unlike Hoffmanowa - was insignificant, and her literary output was quickly forgotten. In ideas of Krechowiecka one can observe an inevitable incoherence: on the one hand, however, she is putting forward an idea of a very narrow and traditional programme of education and upbringing for girls, and on the other is talking openly about a necessity of establishing girls' schools and clamours against unjust moral standards that were different for women and men. It is probably the first so much significant moment, when a woman rose to speak about 'double morality' in the columns of Galician periodicals, and even Polish magazines. Undoubtedly, this protest together with promoting the idea that both women and men have right to supply their spiritual and intellectual needs for own satisfaction and upgrowth, and not only because of their practical use, distinguish Krechowiecka from other contemporary female publicists and speak for unconventional character and novelty of her literary output.

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Krakowskie gimnazja żeńskie przełomu XIX i XX wieku

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Dormus K.

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2016

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vol. 19

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issue 2

87-103

PL

Problem zapewnienia kobietom wykształcenia na poziomie średnim stał się na ziemiach polskich niezwykle istotny w drugiej połowie XIX wieku. Kwestia ta była szczególnie aktualna w zaborze austriackim, gdy w latach 90. XIX wieku dziewczęta zostały dopuszczone do egzaminów maturalnych oraz studiów uniwersyteckich. W Galicji nie istniały jednak gimnazja żeńskie, a żaden z typów ówczesnych „średnich” szkół żeńskich (takich jak wyższe szkoły wydziałowe, seminaria nauczycielskie czy licea żeńskie) nie dawał możliwości zdania egzaminu maturalnego umożliwiającego wstęp na studia wyższe. Wobec niechęci władz państwowych do tworzenia państwowych gimnazjów żeńskich równych gimnazjom męskim, jedynym rozwiązaniem było tworzenie placówek prywatnych. Powstawały one jako odpowiedź na potrzeby społeczne i były efektem oddolnego społecznego działania. Pierwsza tego typu szkoła średnia – nie tylko na terenie Galicji, ale wszystkich trzech zaborów – powstała w 1896 roku w Krakowie. Przed wybuchem I wojny światowej funkcjonowały w Krakowie trzy klasyczne gimnazja żeńskie: I Prywatne Wyższe Gimnazjum Żeńskie, Prywatne Wyższe Gimnazjum Żeńskie im. Królowej Jadwigi oraz Prywatne Gimnazjum Żeńskie Heleny Strażyńskiej (potem: Józefa i Marii Lewickich) oraz gimnazjum realne sióstr urszulanek. Koncepcja prywatnego gimnazjum żeńskiego zyskała wpierw aprobatę społeczną, a stopniowo również dużą popularność. W galicyjskich gimnazjach uczyła się ponad połowa uczennic uczęszczających do gimnazjów żeńskich położonych na terenie Przedlitawii.

EN

The issue of providing education to women became particularly important in the Polish territories during the second half of the 19th century. In the Austrian partition, women were allowed to take secondary school exit exams and enroll in universities in the 1890s. However, no female school at the time offered preparation to the aforementioned exams. As the government did not want to establish public all-female schools in the same way that it had created public all-male schools, a private solution was the only one. Private all-female schools emerged through a bottom-up effort as a response to the needs of society. The first school of this kind in Galicia – and all of the Polish territories – was established in Krakow in 1896. Before the outbreak of World War I, there were only four all-female secondary schools in Krakow. Still, with time, the concept of all-female secondary schools became very popular and more than half of the students of all-female secondary schools in the Habsburg Monarchy attended such schools in Galicia.

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Historia w życiu i twórczości Bogdana Nawroczyńskiego (1882–1974)

ANTONINA KRECHOWIECKA (1791-1831) - A FORGOTTEN LVOV WRITER IN GIRLS' EDUCATION FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY (Antonina Krechowiecka (1791-1831) zapomniana lwowska publicystka poczatku XIX wieku o wychowaniu dziewczat)

Krakowskie gimnazja żeńskie przełomu XIX i XX wieku