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EN
Firstly, a short outlook has been given on regional inequalities in China. Secondly, the EU assistance programmes and sectoral dialogue have been analysed. Finally, the major research problem - what are the limitations of the EU's assistance influence on China - has been investigated.
EN
WHY DO STUDENTS NOT PLAY COMPUTER GAMES? EXEMPLIFICATION OF USING COMPUTER GAMES IN TEACHING PROJECT MANAGEMENT TO ADULTS
EN
Sovereign wealth funds (SWF) are widely perceived as politically biased, and this paper argues that in China they are not only biased but principally serve as instruments of foreign policy. The text examines ways in which the Chinese use their SWFs, analysing Chinese SWF investments in terms of value as well as geographical and sectoral distribution (on the basis of SWF Institute Transaction Database). Also presented are the methods of SWF use to promote Chinese foreign policy goals: checkbook diplomacy, greater influence, leverage on third countries, access to sensitive information and building a positive image of China in the world.
PL
W artykule zostało zaprezentowane zróżnicowanie wykorzystania funduszy unijnych w małych miastach w Polsce w latach 2007–2013. Autorzy koncentrują się na wskazaniu regionalnego zróżnicowania ich struktury wielkościowej i rodzajowej oraz opracowaniu rankingu małych miast pod względem wykorzystania funduszy unijnych. Artykuł wieńczy próba identyfikacji czynników decydujących o wielkości pozyskiwanych przez te ośrodki funduszyWszystkie badane jednostki samorządu terytorialnego pozyskały fundusze unijne. Jednakże da się wyraźnie wyodrębnić grupę liderów i outsiderów, czyli miasta, które wyraźnie odstają jeśli chodzi o wielkość pozyskanych dotacji unijnych. W przypadku miast najlepiej radzących sobie z pozyskiwaniem środków unijnych można wskazać dla nich pewne cechy wspólne: przeciętna większa gęstość zaludnienia, wyższy poziom przedsiębiorczości czy wyższy poziom dochodów własnych. W przypadku miast-outsiderów niestety znacznie trudniej zidentyfikować cechy wspólne. Prowadzi to do wniosku, że istotny wpływ na zróżni-cowanie wykorzystania funduszy unijnych w małych miastach mają takie czynniki jak np. operatywność oraz przedsiębiorczość władz lokalnych
EN
The main aim of this paper is to analyse absorption of EU’s structural funds by Polish small towns. The special attention was put on spatial differences in structure and value of investments. The authors constructed a ranking of leaders and outsiders among small towns, as far as the value of contracted funds is concerned, in order to identify factors behind a success or a failure. Although in case of leader towns one can point out some similar features of all of them, this is much more difficult for outsiders. This lead to the point, that spatial diversity of EU’s funds absorption is probably cause also by some qualitative factors that are difficult to track using quantitative methods. The human capital of local elites could serve as an example of that.
PL
Rosyjska interwencja w Donbasie i zabór Krymu spowodowały zasadniczą zmianę polityki Unii Europejskiej wobec jej wschodnich sąsiadów, i w tym samej Rosji. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest wykazanie aktualności “Doktryny Giedroycia” w kontekście dyskusji nad nową strategią Unii Europejskiej (UE) wobec Federacji Rosyjskiej (FR). Zdaniem autorów, działania na rzecz wzrostu poziomu zamożności, stabilności i bezpieczeństwa w Europie Wschodniej tylko wtedy będą miały charakter trwały, kiedy w samej Rosji nastąpią przemiany demokratyczne. Autokratyczna i neo-imperialna Rosja będzie przeciwdziałać wszelkim pro-zachodnim zmianom w regionie. W tym kontekście, udana transformacja FR w kraj stabilny, zamożny i demokratyczny powinna być postrzegana jako długoterminowy cel Unii Europejskiej służący bezpieczeństwu kontynentu. Wskazane jest, aby ta wizja przyświecała wszystkim politycznym aktywnościom UE na obszarze wschodniego sąsiedztwa. Oznacza to, że pomoc gospodarcza dla Ukrainy i rozwój współpracy z tym państwem nie powinny być celem samym w sobie. Okcydentalizację Ukrainy należy bowiem postrzegać jako jedynie początek politycznej transformacji całego regionu.
EN
Russian intervention in Donbas and annexation of Crimea have triggered a fundamental revision of the EU policy towards Easter neighbourhood and Russia. The main goal of this paper is to develop discussion about the EU strategy towards Russia by presenting political concept named “The Giedroyc doctrine”, created by Polish intellectuals on exile, when Poland was under Soviet domination. Although created a few decades ago, some elements of this doctrine are still surprisingly relevant today and may contribute to contemporary European debate. In particular we argue that strengthening the prosperity, stability and security in Eastern Europe is possible only when Russia transforms itself into a prosperous and democratic state. Autocratic and neo-imperial Russia undermines any major pro-Western political changes in the region. Therefore, successful transformation of Russia into stable, prosperous and democratic state should be included into the long term vision of European politicians who intend to keep Europe secure. All political activities in the Eastern neighbourhood should be subordinated to this. It means that economic support for Ukraine and strengthening cooperation with this country should not be a goal itself. Westernization of Ukraine ought to be perceived only as a beginning of political transformation of the whole region.
EN
The Central and Eastern European (CEE) capital markets (of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine and, to a limited extent, Belarus) are gradually evolving towards increased breadth (diversity) and depth (liquidity), however, they are still exposed to considerable cross-country volatility and interdependence spill-overs – especially in times of capital flight to more established asset classes (“safe havens”). Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) have widely been censured for their undesirable political interference and chronic operational opacity. This paper demonstrates that in CEE, contrary to widespread perceptions attributable to developed markets, SWFs can act as natural and powerful risk mitigators (contributing to a more stable capital base and reduced systemic volatility). Such a proposition is premised on several factors specific to SWFs oriented to CEE. They comprise: strategic long-termism and patience in overcoming interim pricing deficiencies, commitments to elements of a broadly interpreted infrastructure, and absence of overt conflicts of interest with the CEE host economies. The paper, besides reviewing the utilitarianism of SWFs in the CEE’s risk mitigation context, highlights regulatory and technical barriers to more SWF funding for CEE. It also recommends policy measures to the CEE economies aimed at luring more host-friendly SWF investment into the region.
EN
Modern cars are more and more frequently equipped not only with the driver assisting systems, but also with multimedia devices allowing to track the information, use the Internet or send and receive e-mails. This type of activity can cause dangerous situations by inducing various forms of distraction to the driver. In order to identify the effects caused by performing additional tasks while driving, two types of secondary tasks were proposed. The following article presents the results of a pilot study that uses two additional tasks to induce the driver with cognitive load not related to driving. At the same time, in the course of the experiment, both the driving performance and the quality of performing additional tasks were observed. The article describes selected results of the conducted study.
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