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EN
Different meanings of the term ‘politics’ define its different dimensions - dimensions in which politics is being carried out. The overwhelming feature of contemporary politics is its mediatisation, which can be understood as ‒ according to Franciszek Ryszka, who said that “words create politics” - the hegemony of the symbolic sphere. Therefore, the study of politics should take into account not only the sphere of decision-making, but also the discourse which restricts and directs political activities. The case of Ukraine demonstrates that civic media (i.e. Media which are decentralized, non-hierarchical, based on networking and social media) are now the plane on which certain political ideas are manifested most fully, including declarations of intent to pursue a particular doctrine of the state. At the same time - due to its axiological marking – civic media are becoming an important forum for various discourses in the service of community. The analysis of politics, perceived as power over the meaning, is the primary dimension of the analysis, since other planes of politics and corresponding analytical areas are, in the modern world, increasingly subordinated to the discursive sphere which creates a meaningful (discursive, symbolic, axiological etc.) framework for political action. The article discusses the impact of civic journalism on political change - from the “Orange Revolution” to “Revolution of Dignity”. This section of the article presents, among other issues, the most important means of civic journalist narration. The following part outlines the role of civic media at the time of Russian aggression in Ukraine, where asymmetric hybrid warfare is taking place, that is a combination of conventional, irregular and information warfare. The article also discusses the key features and activities of Ukrainian grassroots journalism during the war, and then presents the main axiological pillars of Russian war propaganda and its criticism by journalists and civic media.
EN
The author of the article presents the image of the Macedonian transformation dynamics according to the analysis of selected reports published annually by influential international research institutes, organizations and opinion‑forming media, which evaluate the political, economic and social situation in various countries of the world in the 2000s. The paper introduces the preliminary results of a research project involving critical analysis of reports on the situation in Macedonia and particular public policies of the Republic, which are included in publicly available and are cited – by politicians, the media, public opinion – international reports, which use the indicators commonly applied in the world. The main areas of analysis are: the degree of the competitiveness, economic freedom and rule of law on the market and the state; the level of the democracy, political rights and civil liberties; the degree of the equality and welfare of the society and – finally – the status in the security area, i.e. the main indicators of the peace and stabilization of the Republic of Macedonia.
PL
Autor artykułu prezentuje wyniki analizy sfery aksjologicznej dyskursu o Polsce, obecnego w przemówieniach programowych (exposé) premierów III RP w latach 1989-2012. Materiał badawczy zebrany na potrzeby projektu stanowią stenogramy wystąpień programowych premierów III RP z lat 1989-2012, które uporządkowano w zbiór tekstowy. Pierwszym poziomem badań, których wyniki omówiono w tym artykule, jest analiza ilościowa korpusu tekstowego. Na tym etapie jednostkę pomiaru stanowi wyraz, a intensywność analizowanych cech tekstu określono za pomocą liczby wystąpień poszczególnych wyrazów i ich zasięgu procentowego. W drugiej fazie badań wykonano analizę zawartości. W tej fazie badań jednostką analizy jest wypowiedzenie reprezentowane w tekście przez zdanie. Wyniki pomiarów statystycznych ujęto w listy frekwencyjne, które posłużyły badaniom dystrybucji (konkordancji) określonych wyrazów wraz z ich kontekstami. Następnie sprawdzono wybrane kolokacje najistotniejszych wyrazów, czyli ich łączliwość, co posłużyło rekonstrukcji wzorów współwystępowania badanych słów, a tym samym było podstawą rekonstrukcji wzajemnych związków i wzorów współwystępowania określeń odnoszących się do osób, przedmiotów, cech, czynności, stanów itd. W końcowym etapie badań wykonano analizę czynnikową. W rezultacie naszkicowano mapę aksjologiczną badanych exposé, których podstawowymi elementami są miranda (to, co należy podziwiać) oraz kondemnanda (to, co należy potępiać), oraz wyodrębniono główne nurty dyskursu o sferze publicznej w Polsce w latach 1989-2012.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to present the results of the survey on the axiological sphere of the government programme addresses (exposés) of the Polish Prime Ministers in 1989-2012. The first step of the analysis is the lexical analysis of the speeches gathered in the text corpus. Th e results of statistical evaluations are word frequency lists which are used for the analysis of certain word concordances and collocations. The effect is the reconstruction of common patterns of important word co-occurrences. In this phase of the survey, the units of analysis are words, so the intensity of the analyzed text attributes is measured by the number and percentage range of certain words. The next phase of the survey is computer-assisted content analysis. For the research purposes, dictionaries of the categories were created which consisted of sets of words with the same semantic basis. The unit of analysis in this phase is a sentence, and the result of the analysis is a hierarchy and ‘keyness’ of collective symbols in the Prime Ministers’ speeches. The result of the next phase is an axiological map of the discourse of values in the analyzed exposés. In the last part of the research, as a result of factor analysis, the structure of the discourse is reduced to several strongest factors determining which different (detailed) categories have the tendency to co-occur and therefore create easily distinguishable configuration of miranda (i.e. what we should admire, adore, love, fight for, support) and condemnanda (i.e. what we should condemn, hate, fight against) representing various values (and anti-values) in the exposés of Polish Prime Ministers.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki analizy struktury wiadomości zagranicznych na łamach dziennika „New York Times” w latach 1989-2014. Materiał badawczy zebrany na potrzeby badań stanowiły nagłówki działu zagranicznego nowojorskiego dziennika (ok. 25 tys.), które uporządkowano w zbiór tekstowy. Ilościowa analiza leksykalna (pomiary frekwencyjności, badania konkordancji określonych wyrazów wraz z ich kontekstami, wybrane kolokacje najistotniejszych wyrazów, a następnie analiza zawartości posłużyły do rekonstrukcji wzorów współwystępowania określonych wyrazów, a tym samym stały się podstawą rekonstrukcji wzajemnych związków i wzorów współwystępowania określeń odnoszących się do osób, przedmiotów, cech, czynności, stanów jako podstawowych elementów różnorodnych narracji o świecie na łamach „New York Timesa”.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the results of the survey on the structure of foreign news present in the headline of “The New York Times” in 1989-2014. An analysis performed in this research was the lexical analysis of the daily’s headlines gathered in the text corpus. The results of statistical evaluations were the words frequency lists, the analysis of certain words concordances and collocations. The effect of such procedure was the reconstruction of important words co-occurances common patterns. In this phase of the survey, the units of analysis were words, so the intensity of the analyzed text attributes were measured by the number and percentage range of certain words. The next phase of the survey was the computer assisted content analysis (CACA). Finally, as a result of factor analysis, the structure of the discourse on the world in “NYT’s” headlines was reduced to 25 strongest factors determining which different (detailed) categories have the tendency to co-occur and that is why they create easily distinguishable configuration.
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