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The universal grammar of morals and law is an original scientific proposition which can be the alternative to the relativist views in theory and philosophy of law. The authors of this conception are two scholars, lawyers and philosophers: Matthias Mahlmann professor of Zurich University and John Mikhail – professor of Georgetown University in Washington. Their scientific fields involve the cognitive science, the research on human brain and the theory of human spirit which they learned in Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge (MIT). The greatest influence on their scientific development had a world-known linguists – Noam Chomsky, the author of the universal grammar and the researcher of a human nature and the functioning of a human spirit. M. Mahlmann and J. Mikhail noticed possibility of applying his results in the field of morals and law.
EN
When examining the activity of the legislature and the Constitutional Tribunal from the viewpoint of philosophy of law, it is worth noting that these bodies contribute to create a proper system of law, taking care that the law so created meets high quality standards and is a right law. This rightness manifests itself in both the form and content of law. The Constitutional Tribunal, as a court of law, may correct possible errors made by the legislator. It has a supporting role in the shaping of the system of law. However, this role is exceptional, due to an obligation to make final decisions on, inter alia, matters of protection of constitutional values, including human-wide values. In the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal, there are examples of statements in which it recognized extra-positive nature of these values (e.g. Decision of May 28, 1997, K 26/96, Judgment of September 30, 2008, K 44/07), thereby revealing non-positivist method of argument used by that court. In the opinion of the authoress, the Tribunal, owing to its position in the democratic state ruled by law, may combine in its judgment elements of positive law and natural law. The Tribunal's activity in the process of achievement of right law also means its acceptance of non-positivist conception of law. Presently, there exist many variants of non-positivist conception of law (e.g. those of R. Dreier, R. Alexy, R. Dworkin, J. Habermas, J. Rawls) which recognize the necessary connection between law and morality. Nevertheless, morality is understood in different ways. According to the authoress, the best protection of every person is to be provided by such understanding of law that is based on human-wide morality. Non-positivist conception of law, in her opinion, is a maximalist conception whose integral elements include both classical values of natural law and the so-called principles of correct legislation. In the process of achievement of right law by the Tribunal, one of the variants of non-positivist conception, i.e. the idea of law (Rechtsidee) formulated by G. Radbruch and developed by A. Kaufmann, may prove to be useful. It perfectly matches the realities of modern democratic state ruled by law and includes both formal and material elements of law.
EN
The report refers to the All-Poland Scientific Conference held on 23–26 September 2018, organized by the Department of Theory and Philosophy of Law at the Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin — the 23rd Meeting of the Departments of Theory of Philosophy of Law “State — Society — Culture: Formal and Informal Sources of Law”. The conference dealt with the problems of the sources of law and lawmaking, significant due to the scale of activity of lawmaking, the scope of juridization of social life and dynamic socio-cultural transformations.
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