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Język Polski
|
2013
|
vol. 93
|
issue 5
377-386
PL
Mowa kierowana do dziecka w okresie niemowlęctwa należy do zjawisk językowych posiadających swoiste cechy. Specyfika ta dotyczy zarówno systemu fonetycznego, jak i morfologicznego oraz składniowego. Charakterystycznym aspektem mowy kierowanej do niemowląt jest również tworzenie form adresatywnych nazywających dziecko. W grupie adresatywów można zatem odnaleźć formy odimienne, w których zaszły określone procesy fonetyczne i morfologiczne, oraz fakultatywne sposoby nazywania odbiorcy tekstu, na przykład określenia metaforyczne bądź metonimie. Formy adresatywne kierowane do niemowląt nie tylko pełnią funkcję identyfikacyjną oraz dyferencyjną, ale także stanowią środek językowy, za pomocą którego nadawca wyraża swoje uczucia względem małego dziecka.
EN
The speech directed at a child in its infancy is one of the lingual phenomena having its own specific features. This specification refers both to the phonetic system as well as the morphological and syntactic ones. A distinctive aspect of the speech directed at infants is also creating the forms of address by which the child is called. In this group of forms of address one can find forms derived from a name in which there have occurred certain phonetic and morphological processes and facultative methods of calling the recipient of a text, for instance metaphorical expressions or metonymy. The forms of address directed at infants apart from identification and differential functions are also known to be a lingual tool used by a speaker to express their emotions towards a young child.
EN
There is no diagnostic test dedicated to examining the realisation of consonant clusters in a speech therapy. At the same time, articulation of consonant compounds is one of the criteria for classifying articulation according to styles. The undertaken research is an attempt to answer the question: What is the relationship between the method of examining articulation and realization of consonant clusters? The diagnostic tests discussed in this paper include reading out single lexemes, repeating words, speaking spontaneously, and reading out a continuous text passage. The study sample was composed of persons with no articulatory disorders, whose articulation had already been formed. The specific questions asked in the course of the research concerned the following issue: What are the qualitative and quantitative differences in consonant cluster realisation in the individual diagnostic tests? The study was supposed to determine diagnostic options with respect to consonant compound articulation.
PL
Zespół delecji chromosomu 13q jest rodzajem aberracji chromosomowej, która należy do rzadko występujących nieprawidłowości genetycznych. Delecja chromosomu 13q skutkuje zaburzeniami fenotypowymi, takimi jak nieprawidłowości w funkcjonowaniu ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, zmiany anatomiczne, a także zaburzenia w zakresie motoryki dużej i małej. Jedną z możliwych konsekwencji problemów w rozwoju zdolności motorycznych są zaburzenia rozwoju mowy, zwłaszcza w zakresie produkcji mowy. Problemy mogą dotyczyć także oddychania, fonacji i artykulacji. Ponadto z jednej strony można zaobserwować pewne przetrwałe odruchy w okolicy orofacjalnej, a z drugiej strony niektóre odruchy są nieobecne. W przypadku delecji chromosomu 13q terapia logopedyczna obejmuje ćwiczenia połykania, ćwiczenia mające na celu poprawę napięcia mięśniowego w obrębie twarzy, artykulatorów, szyi, barków, klatki piersiowej i kończyn górnych. Zaburzenia w produkcji mowy mogą przybierać postać np. dyzartrii. Nauka komunikacji może wymagać wprowadzenia komunikacji alternatywnej – niewerbalnej w ramach produkcji językowej.
EN
Chromosome 13q deletion syndrome is a kind of chromosome aberration which belongs to rarely occurring genetic abnormalities. Chromosome 13q deletion results in phenotypic disorders such as malfunctions in the central nervous system, anatomical changes of the body, as well as disorders in large and small motor skills. One of the possible consequences of the problems in motor skills development are speech development disorders, particularly concerning speech production. Other problems may relate to breathing, phonation and articulation. Additionally, on the one hand, some persistent reflexes in the orofacial area can be observed, while, on the other hand, some reflexes are absent. In the case of chromosome 13q deletion, the logopedic therapy contains also swallowing, as well as exercises which aim at improving the muscle tension in the area of face, articulators, neck, shoulders, chest and upper limbs. Disorders in speech production may take form of dysarthria, for example. Whereas, learning to communicate may require to introduce alternative communication – non-verbal communication within language production.
PL
The pronunciation of consonant groups in three-, four-, and five-year-old children is an exponent of the acquired phonological competences. A genuine study has to consider the pronunciation of consonants characteristic of specific early stages of speech development. The element of phonetic neighborhood is also an important aspect, being a decisive feature for the final implementation of a specific consonantal connection. In the speech of preschool children, the implementation of consonant groups (CCV-, -VCC- and -VCC), in addition to the pronunciation consistent with the standard one, includes substitutions, reductions, assimilation, and other phenomena, for instance, epentesis. Moreover, there is the coexistence of several types of pronunciation violations of consonant clusters.
PL
The pronunciation of consonant groups in three-, four-, and five-year-old children is an exponent of the acquired phonological competences. A genuine study has to consider the pronunciation of consonants characteristic of specific early stages of speech development. The element of phonetic neighborhood is also an important aspect, being a decisive feature for the final implementation of a specific consonantal connection. In the speech of preschool children, the implementation of consonant groups (CCV-, -VCC- and -VCC), in addition to the pronunciation consistent with the standard one, includes substitutions, reductions, assimilation, and other phenomena, for instance, epentesis. Moreover, there is the coexistence of several types of pronunciation violations of consonant clusters.
PL
In the research on children’s articulation, several types of attempts to assess the implementation of phonemes are usually taken into account. An image questionnaire is a tool allowing us to study articulation. The purpose of using this kind of aid is to either indicate or exclude a speech disorder – in this case, for example, regarding the faulty implementation of individual phonemes. The article analyses quantitatively one of the phonological aspects of the lexical content of ten selected diagnostic tests used to study the articulation of children between the ages of three and seven. The studies include the occurrence of consonant groups, the attention to the position of the appearance of consonant clusters, their number in the lexical unit, and the quantity of consonant elements adjacent to each other.
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