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1

PACIORKI BURSZTYNOWE I SZKLANE Z CMENTARZYSKA LUDNOŚCI KULTURY ŁUŻYCKIEJ W KRAKOWIE-BIEŻANOWIE, STAN. 30

100%
Purowski T.
Archeologia Polski
|
2018
|
vol. 63
99-117
EN
Excavations of a cemetery of the Lusatian Culture in Kraków-Bieżanów, uncovered in grave 417 a set of bronze ornaments and a necklace of beads: glass (350–366 pieces), amber (34) and bronze (4). The grave is dated to the Bronze Age IV (HaA2-HaB1; about 1150/1100–1000/950 BC). A typological (formal) analysis of the beads and an examination of the chemical composition of the glass in two cases (by the LA-ICP-MS method) indicated the north Italian workshops as the most likely place of their production. From there they reached Małopolska (Little Poland) by the “Amber Route”.
2

PETROGRAPHIC METHODS IN THE STUDY OF HALLSTATT GLASS BEAD MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES (Badania techniki wyrobu paciorków szklanych okresu halsztackiego metodami petrograficznymi)

100%
Purowski T.
Archeologia Polski
|
2008
|
vol. 53
|
issue 1
7-24
EN
Studies of techniques used for the manufacture of glass beads discovered at Lusatian sites are not much advanced. To date, it has been established solely that some of the beads from several sites were produced by the winding technique. Some beads from Wicina underwent additional treatment. Not all Hallstatt period beads bear evidence of the manufacturing technique. The glass is usually poorly transparent or of such good quality that no faults can be seen in the glass mass to suggest the character of these techniques. The forming in the case of these beads is commendable for its quality and it is clear that additional treatment had in most cases removed all traces of technical processes of manufacture. An effort was made to see whether the petrographic method can be of use in determining the production techniques. The method calls for examining thin sections cut from a given object in order to observe its internal structure under a microscope. Five beads (of HaD period) from Wicina stronghold were examiined. Three of these were of clearly transparent and the other two of poorly transparent glass. Three had the canal opening surfaces smoothened. Eight thin sections were cut: a transverse one, positioned perpendicularly to the long axis of the canal opening, for all five beads, and another longitudinal one, parallel to this axis, for three of them. The thin sections were then examined under a polarizing microscope. Nothing but a few small, mostly round gas bubbles could be observed in the sections of bead no. 5. Also the transverse section of bead no.19 revealed just single round gas bubbles. As for bead no. 29, both thin sections demonstrated many round gas bubbles of different size. The horizontal section also showed concentric trails around the canal opening, telltale signs of the winding technique used in its production. Bead no. 45 was made by a similar technique; the transverse section displayed many round gas bubbles accompanied by a few that were slightly ellipsoid in shape, arranged perpendicularly or at an oblique angle toward the canal axis. Both sections of bead no. 61 presented primarily very numerous round gas bubbles of different size. A magnified view of the same section revealed fine trails laid concentrically around the canal opening, as well as single slightly ellipsoid bubbles arranged obliquely, again proof of the winding technique in operation. In the case of this bead, the flat canal opening surfaces should be noted, evidently cut off and smoothened by the beadmaker. The results of the examination of petrographic thin sections of five glass beads from the Wicina have demonstrated the usefulness of the method in determining bead-making techniques attributed to the Halstatt period. In three cases, innumerous ellipsoid gas bubbles and trails betrayed the use of a winding technique - winding the glass mass on a rod - for the manufacture. In the other two cases, there were no features that could be interpreted but the glass of these beads, clearly transparent and greenish in color, was of very high quality (well melted and cleared) and the objects had undergone additional treatment, like cutting off, smoothening and grinding away any surface evidence of manufacturing technique. 13 Figures, 1 Table.
3

GLASS BEADS WITH ZIGZAG ORNAMENT DISCOVERED ON SITES FROM THE EARLY IRON AGE IN THE INTERFLUVE OF THE ODER AND VISTULA RIVERS. (Paciorki szklane zdobione linia zygzakowata odkryte w miedzyrzeczu Odry i Wisly na stanowiskach z wczesnej epoki zelaza)

100%
Purowski T.
Archeologia Polski
|
2010
|
vol. 55
|
issue 1-2
23-88
EN
Beads (approximately 1100) of different color glass than the body have been found in assemblages from 89 archaeological sites situated in the territory of Poland. The sites have been attributed mainly to the cultures: Lusatian (63), Pomeranian (16), Lusatian or Pomeranian (16) and, very seldom, the West Balt Barrows (4). The finds come from cemeteries (56), settlements (11) and hoards (8); in a few cases they are loose finds (4) and in 10 cases the context could not be ascertained. Graves containing beads of this kind represent mostly cremation kind burials, but inhumations have also been noted. Available anthropological data points to young women being the chief recipients of these beads in burial. The Wicina stronghold is special among the settlement sites, having yielded 225 specimens with zigzag or wave ornament - 21% of all such beads. In the eight hoards six uncovered mostly in Masovia they were associated as a rule with metal objects. The beads were classified into four subgroups and five variants depending on colour and translucency of glass. The source of beads classified as variants II.I., IV.I. and IV.II. cannot be determined. Beads from subgroup III and variant II.III. of subgroup II were produced most likely in the territory of modern Slovenia. At least some of the beads from subgroup I and variant II.II. of subgroup II may have been made in the northwestern Balkans or the southeastern region of the Alps. The present analysis demonstrates that beads found in the interfluve of the Oder and Vistula rivers in assemblages dating from subphase Ha C (or the beginnings of Ha D) reached the territory of western Poland from the south, through the Moravian Gate. They were distributed apparently along the waterways, down the upper and middle Oder, the Prosna river, and the middle and lower Warta to the middle Notec. Beads dated to Ha D were imported to the middle Oder and Greater Poland regions from the west (through Brandenburg) and were subsequently carried to eastern Pomerania and Masovia. It is difficult to say whether the beads found in southeastern Poland came through Masovia or Slovakia. Physico-chemical examination revealed certain differences in the chemical composition (LMG or LMMK glass) and physical structure (presence or absence of numerous quartz crystals), which are useful for bead periodization. LMMK glass with abundant quartz crystals is typical to the Ha C-Ha C/Ha D; the LMG glass on the other hand occurs in both the older and the younger Halstatt subphases. The analyses have also recorded two kinds of glass, soda-glass and lead-glass, which can be subdivided into five variants and seven chemical types. Blue colorants included presumably CoO, CuO or Fe2O3, the dark green ones CuO or Fe2O3, the red-brown or black-brown ones Fe2O3; the white ones Ca2Sb2O7 and the yellow ones Pb2Sb2O7. In the latter two cases, the same compounds were responsible for the opacity of the glass. Antimony oxide was the plaining agent for evidently translucent glass of light green color. Technical examination revealed that the beads were made with the winding technique. (figs.18, tables 6)
4

QUESTIONS CONCERNING RESEARCH ON GLASS PRODUCTS FROM SITES OF LUSATIAN CULTURE IN THE WAKE OF A STUDY BY J.T. MATYSIAK AND T. PROKOP (2005). (Problemy badan wyrobów szklanych znanych ze stanowisk kultury luzyckiej...)

100%
Purowski T.
Archeologia Polski
|
2008
|
vol. 53
|
issue 2
339-350
EN
Research on glass products from Lusatian Culture sites is hardly satisfactory despite a recent flow of published studies devoted solely to this object category. Most archaeologists pay little attention to glass products, limiting their description of these objects to overall shape, color of the glass and dimensions. The more inquiring among researchers encounter difficulties that they are no always equipped to deal with. A good case in point is a study by J.T. Matysiak and T. Prokop (2005), presenting a single glass bead from a burial ground of the Lusatian Culture in Zakrzówek Szlachecki (Radomsko district). The authors went beyond a traditional description of formal traits to attempt a determination of technique, which they identified as 'winding' or the so-called 'drop' technique. They failed, however, to present the grounds for this determination - whether it was observation of evidence of technical processing (e.g. ellipsoid gas bubbles or glass trails) or merely intuition. The biggest doubts are raised by a consideration of the results of glass chemical composition analysis presented by the authors. Matysiak and Prokop did not give any of the information essential in studies of this kind: the method of analysis, number of analyses and source of samples (whether external surface or glass from inside the bead). Finally, the said bead has been presented by Matysiak and Prokop in two views (but no section drawing) with shading to enhance its appearance. Nothing of the inner structure and the inclusions and gas bubbles in the glass has been shown in the drawings. The proper description and interpretation of results of glass chemical composition analyses, not to mention a good drawing of an object, is not an easy task, as this brief look at Matysiak and Prokop's work has demonstrated. Researchers would do well to follow the principles of description of historic glass (Dekówna and Olczak - Principes... 2002), comprising the fullest set of data available on a given piece. According to these principles, the description starts with information about the find context. This is followed by an examination of the first the object's external characteristics and then specific characteristics informing about technique and production technology. Bibliographic data are included at the end. It follows from this order of description that the object's observable and macroscopically examined features: state of preservation, shape of body and ornament, and dimensions, are considered first. Next come characteristics seen in part with the naked eye and in part with the use of a magnifying glass and/or microscope: this includes evidence of technical processing, technique of execution of the body and ornament, state of preservation of the glass, faults in the glass mass. The last stage is constituted by physico-chemical analyses of certain characteristics: glass chemical composition, colorants, decolorizers, opacifiers, melting temperature. An essential addition to the object description is a drawing, showing not only the body shape and the ornament, but also all faults noted in the glass mass, such as gas bubbles for example. Photographs can be informative, if they show the form of the bead and the photographs under a microscope are a source of important information about the inner structure of the glass, as well as its state of preservation. 2 Figures, 2 Tables.
5

Zagadkowe narzędzie Z poroża jelenia, znalezione na osadzie obronnej ludności kultury kurhanów zachodniobałtyjskich w Tarławkach, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie

63%
Lis V., Purowski T.
Światowit
|
2012
|
vol. Tom VII (XLVIII), fasc. B
83-87
EN
The antler object originated during excavation of a fortified settlement of West Balt Barrow Culture people at Tarławki, distr. Węgorzewo. On basis of archaeological material (Fig. 1, 2) the site was classified to phases I through III of West Balt Barrow Culture distinguished by Ł. Okulicz (1970). The piece is fashioned from a red deer antler beam; one of its ends is battered, the other was shaped into nine teeth (Fig. 3, 4). Its surface is heavily worn. Traces of wear seen on the surface are insufficient to determine the method of production and function of the object. Experiments carried out to establish its use as, e.g., a device for applying decoration onto pottery, a comb used in hair care or in carding wool proved inconclusive. The object resembles modern devices used by anglers to clean fish of scales (Fig. 5:a,b). Both the original and its replica (Fig. 5:c) were used to scale a perch (Fig. 6). This experiment was unexpectedly successful suggesting that the object was used as a fish scraper (of which a small number were discovered at Tarławki). Alternative uses as a beater or mallet is intimated by the battered condition of its other end.
6

Znaleziska związane z osadnictwem ludności kultury lateńskiej z Raciborza, stanowisko 426, woj. śląskie

45%
Kamyszek L., Kępa L., Purowski T., Wagner B., Żygadło L.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
|
2018
|
vol. 66
177-192
EN
At the Site 426 in Racibórz, relics of the Lusatian and the La Tène settlement were discovered, as well as relics of settlements of the Przeworsk culture from the Roman period and the early Middle Ages. The most interesting findings include remains of the La Tène culture. These are few fragments of pottery vessels and a fragment of a glass bracelet. The paper focuses primarily on the typological, chronological and technological analyses of the glass artefact. The bracelet from Racibórz was made of translucent blue glass and decorated with yellow and white opaque glass. The formal features allow it to be classified to the Row 19 according to the classification by R. Gebhard and to the Group 11b according to the typology by Th.E. Haevernick. The chemical composition of all three glasses was tested using the LA -IC P-MS method. Based on the content of K2O and MgO, the discussed materials can be classified as low magnesium glasses (LM G). Thanks to the discovery of the fragment of the glass bracelet, the settlement episode of the La Tène culture can be dated to LT C1b, possibly to LT C2.
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