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EN
Aleksander Wilkoń Primary and Secondary Genres in Two Perspectives: an Historical One and a Contemporary One Aleksander Wilkon's essay challenges some of Mikhail Bakhtin's conceptions which have been taken for granted in textual linguistics and genology. Wilkon is particularly critical of those generalisa­tions which ignore the categories of the individual, the non-systemic and the inimitable Regardless of their inspirations, the generalisations have tended to lead to simplifications and schematism. In the second section of his essay Wilkon questions Bakhtin's division into primary and secondary genres, which comes down to a distinction between utilitarian genres (both spoken and written) and their literary transformations and mutations. Wilkon argues that Bakhtin's overlooks the influence of sec­ondary genres on those genres which function as primary ones and at the same time derive from literary forms. In the final section of the essay its author identifies secondary genres within spoken forms of language, which include magic speech, the speech of play and customs and folk art speech.
PL
Aleksander Wilkoń Primary and Secondary Genres in Two Perspectives: an Historical One and a Contemporary One Aleksander Wilkon's essay challenges some of Mikhail Bakhtin's conceptions which have been taken for granted in textual linguistics and genology. Wilkon is particularly critical of those generalisa­tions which ignore the categories of the individual, the non-systemic and the inimitable Regardless of their inspirations, the generalisations have tended to lead to simplifications and schematism. In the second section of his essay Wilkon questions Bakhtin's division into primary and secondary genres, which comes down to a distinction between utilitarian genres (both spoken and written) and their literary transformations and mutations. Wilkon argues that Bakhtin's overlooks the influence of sec­ondary genres on those genres which function as primary ones and at the same time derive from literary forms. In the final section of the essay its author identifies secondary genres within spoken forms of language, which include magic speech, the speech of play and customs and folk art speech.
2
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Trwanie a zmiana w języku

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EN
The article is a fragment of the dissertation Diachroniczna teoria języka [Diachronic theory of language], which a polemic with the 19th−20th-century (especially structuralist) concept of language. The author believes that apart from the concept of change, a closer look should be given into continuity of many features and processes rooted in historical tradition. Linguistic stability may well last centuries and millennia. As a rule, all that is stable in a language system serves an important role in it and deserves closer description. Two opposing forces clash within language: a tendency for change and, equally strong, a tendency to stabilize signs and forms, maintaining balance in the system and a continuity of communication across generations. Both these tendencies are mutually dependent and necessary. Linguistic variance is not always the driving force of progressive evolution; history of language also knows periods of regression.
3
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Tradycja w języku

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PL
The paper attempts to analyze the notion of tradition and determine its place within the historical linguistics. The first part presents established definitions and typologies of tradition whereas the second – the author’s understanding of the concept and a model of linguistic text analysis which aims at demonstrating how tradition manifests itself in language. The model is applied to the analysis of famous lament by Jan Kochanowski.
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