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Válečné cíle carského a revolučního Ruska za Velké války (1914- 1916/1917)

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Proks P.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2011
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vol. 97
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issue 1-2
17-48
EN
Russia entered World War I with a very ambitious programme of further territorial and great-power expansion. It urged annexation of Germany and breaking Austria-Hungary against its main rivals. To the north-west of Saint Petersburg, Russia planned unification of the original Polish state into a unified territory and include the restored Poland into the czarist empire. In the west, it wished to acquire Galicia and Bukovina. In the south-west, Russia intended to finally enforce its influence over the Balkans through unification of the South Slavs under a Serbian leadership. In the east, Russia demanded control of the straits of Bosporus and Dardanelle, annexation of Istanbul with a free passage to the Black and Mediterranean Sea and a commanding authority over north Persia. In the Far East, it wanted to acquire north Manchuria and get control over the entire north China. As an ideological tool, Russia used the principles of pan-Slavism in order to become a 'leader' of the Slavic world, to protect the Orthodox Christians and liberate the 'oppressed' nations from foreign domination. The Russian plans were of course in sharp contrast with intentions of its military adversaries, but also with great-power intentions of Russia's treaty partners Great Britain and France. As a result of military exhaustion and internal revolution, Russia finally had to abandon its great power ambitions and fight for a mere survival. The following Bolshevik coup d'etat in November 1917 definitely disabled Russia from the war. The successive foreign policy and power ambitions ensued from radical Socialist principles of the Bolshevik party and the Soviet government.
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Projekt sloučení Srbska a Černé Hory v mezinárodních vztazích před vypuknutím „Velké války“ (srpen 1913 – červen 1914)

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Proks P.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2009
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vol. 95
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issue 3
289-304
EN
In the early 20th century, Russia attempted to establish a 'Balkan Coalition' of friendly and subordinated states against Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Objective of the 'Balkan Coalition' was unification of Serbia and Montenegro. Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy opposed the Russian scheme. Austria-Hungary eventually agreed with unification of Serbia and Montenegro in exchange for its own interest in the Balkans, but Italy strongly disapproved. The project of Serbia's and Montenegro's unification became acute during conflicts between the Great Powers (Entente and Triple-Alliance) and disturbed the cohesion of the Triple-Alliance. Simultaneously, this project opened a chance for Russia to directly put its foot in solving problems in the Balkans. Before long, Russia militarily supported Serbia against an Austrian-Hungarian attack. Subsequently, the Great Powers of the Entente and Triple-Alliance signed mutual ally treaties and started the 'Great War'.
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Velmocenské záměry carského Ruska v předvečer „Velké války“ (leden – červen 1914)

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Proks P.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2009
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vol. 95
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issue 1
1-18
EN
Before the outbreak of World War I, international tension escalated and distrust between European powers, which were divided into two antagonist formations, increased. Great Britain, France and Russia formed the Entente Powers, while Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Central Powers. The Ottoman Empire stayed somewhat isolated; both powers waged a secret persistent war over the empire, which Turkey skilfully turned into its advantage. The tsarist Russia observed Turkey's advance with traditional distrust, because it did not give up its strategic scheme of extending its control over Germany in the Baltic nations, over Austria-Hungary on the west border, control of the Balkans and, subsequently, over Bosporus and Dardanelles, which would secure a free passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East and Persia. A firm position in the west was to facilitate further expansion of Russia into Asia Minor as far as the British India and in Far East into China and Japan. The mutual distrust escalated in 1914 and some of the ruling circles in Vienna and St. Petersburg regarded war in Europe as the only way out of the growing crisis of international relationship and internal problems of both conservative royalistic powers. Their problems were caused by expansion of national, liberal democratic and revolutionary movements. Austria-Hungary and Russia both made efforts to prevent formation of a hostile bloc in the Balkans and a potential deceit by their current allies. By waging a war, they intended to put the other members of the Entete and Central Powers before an accomplished fact and subsequently prevent revolutionary changes in Europe.
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