NIMBY is an acronym from English words: not in my back yard. The term is used to describe the idea of objecting to some noxious facilities in the nearest neighborhood and at the same time not objecting to the fact they are necessary. The research shows differences between some NIMBY facilities which have been pointed out in ¸ódê and those which have been analyzed in the western countries. There is a Polish unique character of NIMBY objects: the unwanted objects are rarely huge facilities. Polish NIMBIES seem to be very local. Large factories which are said to be very onerous in the western countries are hardly controversial in ¸ódê which was on the contrary to various service workshops. The most numerous group of NIMBY objects in ¸ódê are trading premises (over 30%), the succeeding figures in the ranking were: the social infrastructure objects (25%), public transport and municipal infrastructure (together 27%). The presented figures are the result of the fact that plenty of service workshops have been setting up in a residential area since the beginning of 90s and the process has been continuing up to now.
The term NIMBY stands for English Not In My BackYard and describes the attitude of people who disagree with location in their closest neighbourhood of both dangerous facilities and facilities resulting in great loss for local people. What is characteristic about NIMBY syndrome, compared to other social conflicts, is the fact that it concerns facilities (investments) which are seen rather negatively, however, they are socially acceptable and the problem is only about the location. NIMBY facilities are the subject of dispute which is accompanied by the specific – NIMBY syndrome attitude of local society and therefore makes the conflict rather unique among other functional and spatial conflicts. NIMBY facilities are unwanted and perceived to be noxious in a particular location. The conflict seems to appear when the distance between a controversial object and a residential area is too short. The following article is to show specific aspects of NIMBY syndrome and NIMBY facilities in accordance to current research that mainly covered social conflicts in general terms. It must be emphasized that the basis of the analysis was the scientific works which have been predominantly published in English. Polish output has generally dealt with case study, which has been about particular examples of the conflicts in Polish cities. The development of council, collective and private housing industry is a good reason to start doing some research into Polish NIMBY syndrome and facilities. Numerous protests generated around unwanted facilities put opponents as well as investors (local authorities and private investors) to some expense.
Przedmiotem tego opracowania jest zróżnicowanie przestrzenne wielkości i kształtu działek gruntowych w warunkach wielkomiejskich, rozpatrywane na przykładzie Łodzi. Zagadnienie to poprzedzono charakterystyką rozmieszczenia i gęstości działek. Cel pracy stanowi identyfikacja ukształtowanego w warunkach rynkowych stopnia zróżnicowania struktury przestrzennej działek według ich wielkości i kształtu przy użyciu narzędzi GIS.
EN
Identification at using tools GIS of the degree formed in market conditions of diversifying the spatial structure of ground plots according to their size and of the shape constituted the purpose of this work. At the beginning of 2013 the area of Łódź was divided in 133 547 of plots. As results of conducted examinations were established that spatial schedule of plots was characterized by a great changeability. The density of plots in geodetic units is a consequence of spatial diversifying the number of plots, growing generally in centripetal direction. Average area of plots in geodetic units of Łódź, made conditional among others on location them and conditions of the parceling out, extremely strongly is diversified. A vast area of the changeability of this area is connected with it (481‒98 199 m2 ). In the city a general tendency of the increase in the area of plots in centrifugal direction is seen, though the smallest plots don't focus in very central areas, only in their north and south surroundings which is rewarded all at the same time with the very large number of plots. From a point of view of organizations of the municipal space of Łódź numerous very small ground plots which it is hard rationally to develop or to sell constitute the peculiar problem. In individual spatial units also developing the biggest ground plots can be a substantial problem. Peculiarly the high level of the changeability of the area of plots characterizes the geodetic units located in the indirect zone, and to a lesser degree in the zone of peripheral Łódź. Examining the shape of plots in geodetic units was based on two rates. First from them determines diversifying of the shapes of plots, however second expresses the step, in which the real shape of plots differs from the circle. The distribution of the value of the indicator of diversifying the shape of plots in spatial units is almost perfectly symmetrical, about the average dispersion and strong kurtosis. This distribution in great measure becomes a distribution of the number of plots like and depends on the density as well as size of plots. Diversifying the shapes of plots, being ahead of an average level in the city, appears mainly in the geodetic units in the central and indirect zone. Peripheral agricultural areas, locate above all in the eastern part of the city are characterized by little adding variety to this shape. Second from applied indicators of the shape of plots, depicting their cohesion he doesn't show the great diversity in the municipal space and won't depend on the density and size of plots. Above all locate plots in peripheral areas demonstrate the low cohesion, but also in the city centre zone. Plots located as a rule in the indirect zone have the shape most similar to the circle. Based on values of both considered rates of the shape of plots four distinguished types of spatial units stayed.
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia problematyki konfliktów typu NIMBY. Są to konflikty wynikające z opozycji społeczności lokalnych wobec lokalizacji, w okolicy ich miejsca zamieszkania, inwestycji, postrzeganych przez nie za uciążliwe. Przedstawiono przestrzenny obraz występowania konfliktów w Polsce (z wyłączeniem dużych i średnich miast), będący wynikiem kwerendy archiwów prasowych (prasy regionalnej i lokalnej) przeprowadzonej dla okresu styczeń 2007 – marzec 2014. Z badań wynika, że najczęstszymi obiektami protestu społeczności lokalnych były inwestycje z zakresu energetyki odnawialnej oraz infrastruktury drogowej. W artykule omówiono również zagadnienia: podstawy prawnej lokalizacji niechcianych inwestycji, etapu rozpoczęcia konfliktów, efektów konfliktów. Na podstawie badań konfliktów lokalnych w 116 gminach okazało się, że nieco więcej było przypadków, że oprotestowywana przez mieszkańców inwestycja ostatecznie nie powstała niż przypadków takich, że powstała. Przedstawiono także różnorodne formy reagowania władz lokalnych na protesty przeciwko kontrowersyjnym inwestycjom, w tym działania skierowanie do mieszkańców czy działania w ramach postępowań prowadzących do lokalizacji inwestycji. Artykuł ten zawiera wyniki badań opublikowanych w 2016 r. w książce z serii Prace Geograficzne, autorstwa M. Bednarek-Szczepańskiej i K. Dmochowskiej-Dudek pt. Syndrom NIMBY na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce. Specyfika i uwarunkowania konfliktów wokół lokalizacji niechcianych inwestycji.
EN
Selected problems related to NIMBY-type conflicts are presented in this article. These conflicts result from local inhabitants’ opposition to location, in the vicinity of their place of living, of investments which they perceive as burdensome. A spatial image of NIMBY-type conflicts occurrence in Poland (excluding medium-size and big cities) is presented as a result of regional and local press query which was carried out for the period 01.2007-03.2014. The study show, that the most frequent objects of inhabitants’ protests were investments in renewable energy and road infrastructure. The following issues are also set out in the article: legal basis of unwanted investments’ location, stages of beginning of conflicts, effects of conflicts. It turned out, on the basis of the study on local conflicts in 116 communes, that there was slighty more cases of conflicts which ended with abandonment of project than conflicts which ended with project realisation. Different forms of local authorities’ response to the protests against controversial investments were identified, including activities directed at inhabitants or activities related to ad-ministrative and planning proceedings. This article contains results of research which were published in 2016 in a book of Geographical Studies series, written by M. Bednarek-Szczepańska and K. Dmochowska-Dudek, The NIMBY syndrome in rural areas of Poland. Specificity and Determinants of conflicts on the location of unwanted investments.
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