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EN
Central Asian Gypsies: identities and migrationsDuring recent years the topic of Gypsy/Roma migration and identities became burning topic of pan-EUropean public discourse. Much less attention is paid to the Gypsy migrations outside the borders of European Union. The present article has ambitious goal to fulfill this gap and to present contemporary Gypsy migrations in Post-soviet Central Asian in order to see how this “burning” topic looks outside European space. After breakdown of Soviet Union and establishing of new independent republics in Central Asia and in connection to economical difficulties, wars and social unrest, in order to make their living, the communities of Central Asian ‘Gypsies’ revitalised their former nomadic traditions and migrate towards Russian Federation and in frames of Central Asia towards Kazakhstan. There they are earning their living through begging and sporadic work in construction and scrap collection.A central point of this article is the impact of these contemporary migrations on the development of identities and well being of Central Asian ‘Gypsies’. The multilevel, hierarchically structured identities of Central-Asian ‘Gypsies' are analysed as demonstrated in different historical contexts – as former “Soviet people”, member of former ruling class of agricultural proletariat, and as declassed community today; as Central-Asian ‘Gypsies’ or as citizens of respective Central Asian Republics during migrations in Russian Federation in front of Russian majority society and in front of Roma; and in context of the Central Asian region during the migrations to Kazakhstan and in their home countries.   Cyganie środkowoazjatyccy – tożsamości i migracje W ostatnich latach tematyka migracji i tożsamości Cyganów (Romów) stała się tematem palącym w unijnoeuropejskim dyskursie publicznym. O wiele mniej uwagi poświęca się w nim migracjom Cyganów, które mają miejsce poza granicami Unii Europejskiej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wypełnienie tej luki i ukazanie współczesnych migracji Cyganów w posowieckiej Azji Środkowej, po to by móc spojrzeć, jak ów „palący” problem przedstawia się poza obszarem europejskim. Po rozpadzie Związku Sowieckiego i ustanowieniu w Azji Środkowej nowych niepodległych republik, a także wobec trudności gospodarczych, wojen i niepokojów społecznych, w dążeniu do uzyskania środków do życia, wspólnoty „Cyganów” środkowoazjatyckich powróciły do swych dawnych tradycji nomadycznych i migrują na teren Federacji Rosyjskiej jak też w obrębie Azji Środowej do Kazachstanu. Zarabiają tu na życie żebraniem, okazjonalnie podejmują pracę na budowach, zajmują się też zbieraniem surowców wtórnych.Zasadniczą kwestią rozpatrywaną w niniejszym artykule jest ukazanie, jak te współczesne migracje wpływają na budowanie tożsamości i dobrobytu środkowoazjatyckich „Cyganów”. Przedstawiona została analiza wielopoziomowych hierarchicznie ustrukturyzowanych tożsamości „Cyganów” środkowoazjatyckich, przejawiających się w różnych kontekstach historycznych: jako „ludzi sowieckich”, członków dawnej klasy przewodniej – wiejskiego proletariatu, i jako zdeklasowanej dziś wspólnoty; jako „Cyganie” środkowoazjatyccy lub jako obywatele odnośnych republik środkowoazjatyckich podczas migracji na terenie Federacji Rosyjskiej vis a vis dominującej wspólnoty społeczeństwa rosyjskiego, jak też vis a vis Romów; a także w kontekście regionu środkowoazjatyckiego podczas migracji do Kazachstanu oraz w ich krajach ojczystych.
EN
In recent years the topic of Roma migrating from countries in Eastern Europe towards Western Europe, became especially popular in the public domain. Much less attention is paid to the migrations on the borders of European Union and outside it. The present article has ambitious goal to fulfill this gap and to present contemporary Gypsy migrations in Post-soviet space, based on the view of their historical development, which however does not mean linear reading of the history of the problem. Leading place in our analysis has revealing of the nature of the processes. As it is shown these migrations are driven by the demand for collective strategies in response to the ongoing societal changes. The analysis is based on observance of the different reactions of Gypsy communities to the modification of soviet and post-soviet economical and political space. The researched processes appear to be more or less non-coherent in practice and in specific cases, the processes may even sometimes acquire opposite directions, as the Gypsy communities are heterogeneous and since the situation in various former Soviet republics is different. In spite of this non-coherency and controversy the dependence of the specifics, scope and directions of Gypsy migration from general social and economical context of their home places and from general geopolitical development of the region is obvious.
EN
Over the past two decades the Roma issue has become one of the most current topics in European public space and also became especially relevant within academia. Despite of this there are still under-researched topics, such as history of the emer gence and development of Roma emancipatory movement on the eve of modern times. On base of archival research the article presents the first certainly documented testimony of Roma aspiration towards civil emancipation in “A letter to the editor” published in 1868; first attempt for self-organization of Roma from Bulgarian town of Vidin from 1910, the creation and activities of the first organizations in city of Sofia from 1919 and others. The article revails previously unknown facts about the history of Roma movement, reflecting the first of all attempts for empowerment of the Roma communities in the pre-industrial period and their struggle for equality in Eastern Europe. At the end in the article is proposed an explanation about the reasons for the rapid development of Roma movement especially in Southeastern Europe in context of their societal position.
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