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QUO VADIS BRASIL?

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PL
W artykule omówiono sytuację gospodarczą Brazylii w kontekście wewnętrznym i międzynarodowym. Zobrazowano, w jaki sposób prowadzona polityka handlowa przez rządy lewicowe PT prowadzi kraj do coraz większej izolacji w dobie zawieranych przez inne państwa międzyregionalnych traktatów o wolnym handlu.
EN
The article discusses the economic situation of Brazil in the internal and international context. It illustrates how trade policy pursued by the government of leftwing PT leads the country into an increasing isolation in an era of proliferation of mega trade treaties signed by other countries.
PL
Autorkę tekstu interesuje literatura kierowana do najmłodszych czytelników poruszająca trudny, nie tylko dla młodego odbiorcy, temat śmierci. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę książek, w których dziecko zderza się ze śmiercią najbliższych mu osób – rodziców: Nieba za domem Gaute Heivolla, Dziewczynki z parku Barbary Kosmowskiej i Ogrodu. Dobrej opowieści na wielki smutek Georga Maaga. Wybrana literatura pełni funkcję terapeutyczną u dzieci borykających się ze stratą ukochanej mamy czy ukochanego taty. Pomaga dzieciom zaakceptować to, co się wydarzyło, a efekt fabuły wzmacniają odpowiednie ilustracje. Analizowane utwory, mimo danych wzorów postępowania po odejściu rodzica, umożliwiają dziecku samodzielne odkrycie sposobu prowadzącego do pokonania lęku związanego ze stratą i ukojenia smutku.
EN
The author of the text are interested in literature addressed to the youngest readers, touching important but difficult, not only for the young audience subject about the death. There is analysis of the following books, in which the child collides with the death of his closest persons – parents: Gaute Heivolla, Himmelen bak huset, Barbara Kosmowska Dziewczynka z parku and Georga Maaga Il giardino. In selecting of literature, the author followed the criteria, which were: the impact of the literature on reader`s emotions, therapeutic possibilities, artistic value (literary and graphic) as well as the original presentation of the subject. The author shows how selected books can help the child giving him support, the ability to overcome the fear and hope for the future.
EN
Referring to the concepts of liquid modernity by Bauman, in the text I will analyze the stories of selected characters of children’s and teenagers’ contemporary books who had to face the problems of happiness, consumption, responsibility and crisis of identity. To contrast the issue of getting rid of one’s “self” in the contemporary culture, I analyze the attitudes of literary characters immersed in the war reality, i.e., in the time when it was really “hectic” and when hiding one’s identity was absolutely necessary to survive.
PL
Maria Ostasz w jednym z artykułów dokonuje przeglądu – syntezy polskiej prozy dla dzieci i młodzieży drugiej połowy XX wieku. Wymienia powieści dziecięco-młodzieżowe, baśnie, przykłady fantastyki literackiej, a także liczące się ośrodki badań nad literaturą dziecięco-młodzieżową oraz mechanizmy sterowania ówczesnym rynkiem czytelniczym. Niniejszy tekst, podkreślający potrzebę ciągłości badań historyczno-literackich literatury czwartej czy osobnej, jak zwykło się określać literaturę dla dzieci i młodzieży, zawierać będzie przegląd – próbę syntezy polskiej prozy dziecięcej początków XXI stulecia: jej warunki rozwoju, problematykę oraz wartości (estetyczne, społeczno-kulturowe, moralne), jakie ze sobą niesie. Dokonuję przeglądu problematyki prozy dla dzieci, którą odnajdziemy na stronie Polskiej Sekcji IBBY – Stowarzyszenia Przyjaciół Książki dla Młodych oraz Fundacji ABC, prozy ważnej ze względu na pełnione funkcje: teleologiczną, aktywizującą, kompensacyjną, terapeutyczną, dydaktyczno-wychowawczą, edukacyjno-poznawczą i ludyczną.
EN
The text contains the attempt of the synthesis of the Polish children’s prose of beginnings of the XXI century – conditions for the development of this artistic work, its issues and values (social and cultural, moral, aesthetic). I am making the trial of classification of issues of the prose for children which we can find on the Polish side of the Section IBBY and of the Foundation ABC; important prose on account of performed functions: teleological, activating, compensating, therapeutic, teaching, educational.
EN
In this paper, I have presented selected views about motherhood over the centuries, and I have highlighted several widely discussed, current issues concerning the maternal role of a woman. I made a review- reconnaissance research of historical sources, but also contemporary ones, on the border of cultural studies, cultural anthropology, gender studies, pedagogy and sociology. I asked myself, somewhat rhetorical, what it means to be a good and loving mother, realizing, that this type of thinking had origins in the eighteenth century, as well as that, it is an immeasurable question.
EN
The aim of this article is to present different images of mothers in selected Chinese contemporary literature, such as: Snow flower and the secret fan, Peony in Love, The Concubine’s Daughter, and Pearl of China. In these novels, China is portrayed as a country of privileges for men and sanctions against women. Since childhood, women had been prepared for the role of submissive wives and mothers of male heirs. This article discusses the strength, energy, and great spiritual power of women-mothers – which contrary to the cultural limitations – enabled their female descendants to believe in their own value. Several images of mothers have been portrayed: (1) mother radically obeying traditions, (2) a sensitive mother, (3) a friendly mother, and (4) a heroic mother. This paper claims that daughters, through their stories, paid homage to their mothers who risked their lives and livelihood in the patriarchal culture of China.
EN
In this article, I discuss various issues related to the region and regional education, and their manifestation in the core curriculum of primary schools. To that end I have compared two core curricula (from 2002 and 2008) that were implemented in public schools but not applied at all levels of general education. First, I explain the meaning of three terms: region, regionalism, and regional education. Then I turn to the manifestation of regional issues in both curricula. Upon comparison, I found that the curriculum from 2008 does not advance the concept of little homeland but relies on the ideas promulgated in the 2002 curriculum. As the state regulations from 2008 granted teachers more freedom to choose from different topics, the main changes in advancing regional issues have been seen in the in the first, third, and fourth stage of education. The second stage of education, however, has remained largely unchanged with almost no discussion of regional issues.
EN
A fairy tale accompanies us from an early age. While read and communicated by the first persons important in everyone’s life – parents or educators – it is essential in the child’s development. It broadens imagination, develops one’s range of vocabulary and empathy, facilitates learning and understanding of differences. An intercultural fairy tale makes us sensitive to all kinds of differences appearing at every stage of development, in all dimensions of human functioning, i.e. biological, economic, social, and cultural. The text refers to a series of intercultural fairy tales – Przygody Innego (The Adventure of an Other Boy), edited by Anna Młynarczuk-Sokołowska, Katarzyna Potoniec and Katarzyna Szostak-Król. Inclusion of intercultural tales in teaching is an example of a good educational practice. The literature mentioned above contains methodological sets, which facilitate teachers’ work with children at an early school age. It seems that only educators’ willingness is needed, because there are new proposals of intercultural fairy tales on the publishing market. The topic is urgent, taking into consideration the fact that foreign children in Polish school are more and more frequent and all subjects in the education process, i.e. teachers, children and parents should be willing to build bridges in mutual contacts, and not walls separating them from what is different.
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