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EN
Since joining the Schengen Area by Poland and the Czech Republic, their inhabitants have had the right to free moving. Undoubtedly, the location in the borderland is beneficial, due to the possibilities of implementing joint undertakings, which result e.g. from transfrontier agreements and the participation in some projects addressed to the residents of the countries divided/joint by the border. Borderland residence is favourable for establishing direct contacts with neighbours. In the presented study, some questions are raised concerning the knowledge the teachers living in the borderland have about their neighbours and the way in which the neighbours are described by them. The choice of teachers as the examined sample was purposeful, as they have the possibility to shape the neighbours’ image of their learners. Either in a conscious way or not, they can pass down the stereotypical image which they have, or the opposite – present the knowledge and image which will encourage learners to contacts with Czechs. Associations, stereotypes and prejudices largely determine the attitude to other nations and the way of undertaking actions. This is particularly important in the situation when the respondents can shape similar attitudes of other people – in this case, their learners.
PL
Od momentu wejścia Polski i Republiki Czeskiej do strefy Schengen mieszkańcy mają zagwarantowaną swobodę przemieszczania się. Usytuowanie w strefie pogranicza na pewno jest korzystne ze względu na możliwości realizowania wspólnych działań wynikających na przykład z umów transgranicznych, uczestniczenia w projektach adresowanych do mieszkańców krajów, które dzieli/łączy granica. Mieszkanie na pograniczu sprzyja zatem nawiązywaniu bezpośrednich kontaktów z sąsiadami. W przygotowanym artykule Autorka stawia pytania dotyczące tego jaka jest wiedza nauczycieli mieszkających na pograniczu na temat sąsiadów, a także jak ich badani opisują. Wybór nauczycieli jako grupy badanej był celowy. Mają oni bowiem możliwość kreowania wizerunku sąsiada u swoich uczniów. Mogą w sposób świadomy lub nieświadomy przekazywać stereotypowy obraz jakim sami operują, czy wręcz przeciwnie – przedstawiać wiedzę i obraz zachęcający uczniów do kontaktu z Czechami. Skojarzenia, stereotypy i uprzedzenia w dużej mierze warunkują stosunek do innych narodów i rzutują na sposób podejmowania działań. Jest to zatem szczególnie istotne, w sytuacji, gdy osoby badane to grupa, która może podobne nastawienia budować u innych osób, w tym przypadku u swoich uczniów.
EN
Due to the changing conditions of individual functioning of future teachers, the issue of preparing them for life in the culturally diversified environment is becoming increasingly important. The contemporary academic youth is in a particular situation, not only in regard to their participation in the quickly changing sociocultural world, but also in regard to their experiencing the phenomena which earlier have never been present on such a scale. What seems significant as well is that their identities and biographies are shaped by both macro-social and macro-economic tendencies. The reflection upon the young learning generation of Poles and Czechs is associated with an attempt to find answers to many questions. Among them, a lot of attention should be paid to those concerning their perception of the environment in which they function every day – the borderland. Learning different cultures in the borderland space takes place naturally and spontaneously, which is to a large extent enhanced by borderland trading and transfrontier activities. What results from these processes are many social attitudes to the unknown and undomesticated values carried by the Others. Therefore, my intention is to learn how young adults view the situation in the borderland, which is an effect of the functioning side by side of different nationality groups. Due to the requirements of this study, some descriptions and explanations have been prepared which refer to the issue of the respondents’ perception of the situation in the borderland resulting from the functioning of different nationality groups.
PL
Ze względu na zmieniające się warunki funkcjonowania indywidualnego przyszłych nauczycieli coraz większego znaczenia nabiera kwestia przygotowania ich do życia w środowisku zróżnicowanym kulturowo. Współczesna młodzież akademicka jest w szczególnej sytuacji, nie tylko ze względu na to, że uczestniczy w tak szybko zmieniającym się świecie społeczno-kulturowym, ale również doświadcza zjawisk, które nigdy w takiej skali nie były obecne, a jej tożsamości i biografie są kształtowane przez tendencje makrospołeczne i makroekonomiczne. Namysł nad młodym, uczącym się pokoleniem Polaków i Czechów wiąże się z próbą znalezienia odpowiedzi na wiele pytań, wśród których ważne miejsce zajmują te dotyczące spostrzegania przez nich środowiska, w którym funkcjonują na co dzień – pogranicza. Poznawanie odmiennych kultur, w przestrzeni pogranicza, odbywa się w sposób naturalny, spontaniczny – przyczynia się do tego w dużym stopniu handel przygraniczny, czy działania transgraniczne. W konsekwencji tych procesów powstaje szereg społecznych nastawień wobec nieznanych i nieoswojonych wartości, których nosicielami są Inni (Stąd uznałam, że istotnym będzie poznanie, w jaki sposób młodzi dorośli spostrzegają sytuację na pograniczu będącą efektem funkcjonowania obok siebie grup różnych narodowości. Na potrzeby artykułu przygotowane zostały opisy i wyjaśnienia odnoszące się do problemu jak badani spostrzegają sytuację na pograniczu będącą efektem funkcjonowania obok siebie osób różnych narodowości?
EN
Geographical location might be an enhancer of establishing close relations between neighbours. Today, many borders – as in the case of the Polish- Czech one – are “dematerialized” and, in human consciousness, exist onlyin memory. However, do the close neighbourhood, similar social or cultural determinants and the closeness of languages really make people seek knowledge about their neighbours? What can be observed in Poland for several years is a real fascination with Czechs. This takes place in the overall national dimension. Yet, is the situation on the borderland (in the direct neighbourhood) similar? The studies conducted among teachers living in the Polish-Czech borderland are to answer how the respondents evaluate their knowledge concerning Czechs and how they describe their neighbours.
PL
Położenie geograficzne może być czynnikiem sprzyjającym nawiązywaniu bliższych międzysąsiedzkich relacji. Dzisiaj liczne granice – tak jak właśnie polsko-czeska – mają charakter „zdematerializowany” i istnieją w pamięci i świadomości ludzi. Czy jednak rzeczywiście bliskie sąsiedztwo, podobne uwarunkowania społeczne i kulturowe a nawet bliskość językowa powoduje, że poszukujemy wiedzy o swoich sąsiadach? W naszym kraju od kilku lat możemy obserwować swoiste zafascynowanie Czechami. To wszystko ma swój wymiar ogólnopolski. Czy jednak sytuacja na pograniczu, a więc w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie, jest podobna? W realizowanych przeze mnie badaniach wśród nauczycieli mieszkających na pograniczu polsko-czeskim interesowało mnie, jak respondenci oceniają swoją wiedzę o Czechach i jak opisują swoich sąsiadów.
EN
The existing borders have very often lost their meaning and do not fulfil the functions assigned to them for many centuries. Today, especially in Europe, many borders are “dematerialized” and exist mostly in the memory and consciousness of people. Contemporary academic youth is in a special situation – they participate in the rapidly changing sociocultural world and, at the same time, experience some phenomena that have never been present on such a large scale. The reflection upon the young, learning generation of Czechs, Poles and Slovaks is associated with an attempt to find answers to many questions, among which those regarding plans for the future and the sense of life satisfaction seem to be of great significance. What I have recognized as important is finding out if the young plan their future during their studies and/or work abroad and how they assess their sense of life satisfaction, taking into account two aspects – their family life and financial situation.
EN
Globalization phenomena not only enhance cultural cognition but also foster establishing close relationships, which might be also legally confirmed. Today, many borders - like the Polish-Czech one - are “dematerialized” and exist more in the memory and awareness of people than in the physical sense. For the needs of the analyses, the category of borderland in its territorial sense was applied. Living in the borderland provides chances for establishing close interpersonal relations. What enhances the establishing of such relations in the case of the Polish-Czech borderland are the similarity of languages, common history and cultural closeness. This also fosters contracting mixed marriages. However, do close neighbourhood and similar social environments really make people seek contacts with neighbours? Does this enhance shaping a positive attitude to cultural diversity. The conducted analyses were aimed at familiarizing with the declarations of the examined university students from Poland and the Czech Republic concerning the way in which mixed marriages are perceived in their environment.
PL
Realizowane na reprezentatywnej grupie Polaków cykliczne badania sondażowe wskazują na zmiany następujące w polskim społeczeństwie – zmienia się nastawienie Polaków do własnej aktywności nieprzynoszącej dochodów, ale mającej znaczenie ogólnospołeczne. Rosnące społeczne zaangażowanie jest bez wątpienia zjawiskiem pozytywnym. Zagadnieniem, które interesuje mnie od lat jest sprawa aktywności i zaangażowania nauczycieli – zwłaszcza mieszkających na pograniczu polsko-czeskim. Pogranicze to przestrzeń sprzyjająca wzmożonej aktywności i zaangażowaniu. Działania transgraniczne są w dużej mierze adresowane do szkół i nauczycieli, a współpraca rozwija się na badanym terenie południowego pogranicza bardzo intensywnie. Inspiracją do przeprowadzenia badań były realizowane wcześniej projekty adresowane do nauczycieli z obu stron granicy. Chciałam sprawdzić, czy poglądy reprezentowane przez nauczycieli zaangażowanych w projekty są zbliżone do tych podzielanych przez szerszą, reprezentatywną grupę osób pracujących w szkołach. W opracowaniu uzyskanych danych empirycznych zastosowane zostały metody statystyczne: testowanie statystycznej istotności różnic między zmiennymi wykonano za pomocą testu chi-kwadrat (χ2), a do zmierzenia siły związku między zmiennymi użyto współczynnika V Cramera (0 ≤ V ≤ 1). Interesowała mnie aktywność badanych nauczycieli w zakresie udziału w projektach transgranicznych oraz poszukiwania wiedzy o sąsiadach. Chciałam się również dowiedzieć, jak oceniają aktywność innych podmiotów – polityków różnych szczebli oraz stowarzyszeń i instytucji edukacyjnych, w sferze nawiązywania bliższych kontaktów między Polakami a Czechami. Analizy uzyskanych wyników badań w zakresie oceny działań podejmowanych przez różne podmioty pod kątem nawiązywania kontaktów transgranicznych wskazują na duży krytycyzm badanych. Warto przy tym zauważyć, że sami badani wykazują niewielkie zainteresowanie działaniami związanymi z nawiązywaniem kontaktów polsko-czeskich.
EN
The cyclic survey, carried out on a representative group of Poles, indicate some changes taking place in the Polish society – what has changed is Poles’ attitude to their own activity which brings no profit but is of general social significance. With no doubt, growing social engagement is a positive phenomenon. The issue which the author has explored for years is the activity and engagement of teachers – especially those inhabiting the Polish-Czech borderland. Borderland is a space which enhances intensive activity and engagement. Transfrontier activities are largely addressed to schools and teachers and the cooperation in the examined area of the southern borderland is very intensive. The research was inspired by earlier projects addressed to teachers on both sides of the border. Its aim was to find out whether the views of teachers engaged in projects are close to the views shared by a broader, representative group of school workers. The obtained empirical data were processed with the use of statistical methods: for testing the statistical significance of differences between variables the chi-square test (χ2) was used, and for measuring the intensity of the relation between variables – Cramer’s V coefficient (0 ≤ V ≤ 1). The research focus was on the surveyed teachers’ activeness concerning both the participation in transfrontier projects and the search for knowledge of the neighbours. The research was also aimed at finding out how the teachers evaluate the activeness, in the field of establishing closer contacts between Poles and Czechs, of other subjects – politicians of all levels and educational institutions or associations. The analyses of the research results concerning this issue reveal the respondents’ strong criticism. It seems worth mentioning, that the respondents themselves present little interest in the activities aimed at establishing closer Polish-Czech contacts.
EN
Legal regulations for advertising medicinal products originate from the acts of European Union Law and the acts of the domestic law. The crucial ones include the Code of Medicines (the Law of European Union) and the Act: the Pharmaceutical Law with executive acts, and the Act on the Reimbursement of Medicines, Foodstuffs for Special Nutritional Purposes and Medical Devices. Advertising medicinal products, being a type of marketing activity, is subject to limitations resulting from the specificity of the advertised product. The product determines the scope of the permitted advertising and the circle of its recipients.
PL
Przedstawiciele każdej mniejszości chcą, by respektowane były ich prawa w państwie, w którym mieszkają i którego są obywatelami. Problemy związane ze szkolnictwem mniejszości narodowych należą do jednych z najbardziej skomplikowanych oraz dyskusyjnych. Kontrowersje polityczne i dysputy toczone na łamach czasopism nie zawsze przekładają się na dobre relacje w zróżnicowanym kulturowo środowisku. Celem przygotowanego tekstu jest przedstawienie sytuacji związanej z konfliktem wokół jednej ze szkół polskich w Litwie, którego początek miał miejsce w grudniu 2021 roku, a finał nastąpił w październiku roku 2022. Naszym założeniem było zanalizowanie opisanej sytuacji z trzech perspektyw, przedstawianych w polskiej prasie w kontekście podejmowanych przez stronę rządową działań i ich efektów oraz samego sposobu opisu, analogiczne przedstawienie perspektywy litewskiej oraz samych zainteresowanych (w tym dyrekcji szkoły, której dotyczyła prezentowana sytuacja). Dla lepszego zrozumienia kontekstu opisywanych analiz tekst rozpoczynamy od krótkiego opisu jego aktualnego stanu prawnego, sieci szkolnictwa i jej zasięgu.
EN
Representatives of every minority want their rights to be respected in the state in which they live and of which they are citizens. The problems related to education for national minorities are among the most complicated and arguable. Political controversies and disputes in magazine columns do not always translate into good relations in the culturally diverse environment. The text is aimed to present the situation related to the conflict in one of the schools in Lithuania, which began (as a kind of prelude) at the end of 2021 and developed in 2022. Our assumption was to analyze the described situation from three perspectives presented in: the Polish press in the context of some actions taken by the government and their effects, as well as the way of describing them; an analogical presentation of the Lithuanian perspective and the stakeholders themselves (including the headmaster of the school where the described situation took place). For a better understanding of the context of the described analyses, the text begins with a brief description of the current legal status, the educational network and its scope.
EN
Aim: The study is aimed at outlining the functioning of the Cieszyn Research School for Borderland Culture and Education, founded and developed over the last three decades by Professor Tadeusz Lewowicki at the University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Ethnology and Educational Sciences (currently: Faculty of Art and Educational Science). Methods: The School’s activity was described on the basis of the concept of distinguishing and estimating seven factors/phenomena attributed to a scientific school – genealogy, time, place, self-awareness, ideological core, methodological core and writings, styles and worldviews, developed by Zbysław Muszyński. Results: The article synthetically presents the results of team research initiated in 1989 in the Polish-Czech borderland in Cieszyn Silesia. The researchers focused on educational environments (family, school, local communities, churches of various denominations), problems of social and educational policy, socialization and identity formation, teacher’s work in multicultural conditions and social conditions of intercultural education. The result of these undertakings is the series “Edukacja Interkulturowa /Intercultural Education/”, published since 1992, which currently comprises 95 volumes. Conclusions: Over thirty years of theoretical achievements, research results and practical experience of the Cieszyn Research School for Borderland Culture and Education, as well as of other Polish research centers dealing with the issues of multi- and intercultural education, became the basis for developing a synthesis containing the outline of intercultural pedagogy – as a discipline of educational science.
|
2011
|
vol. 8
|
issue 8
203-208
PL
The article deals with legal regulations of the life estate and flat easement contract as discussed in Polish law-related reference sources. The article presents the fundamental provisions, according to which the flat easement is included in the content of the right of life estate; it also defines the parties’ legal rights and obligations arising form those regulations. The performance of the flat easement as well as the ordinary use of estate is connected with expenses, encumbrances and repair costs. As these expenditures are extremely important, they are listed in detail in the article. The analysis takes into account the perspective of practicality and the resulting conclusions permit formulating the assumptions to be used while solving the existing problems or clarifying legal ambiguities concerning the institution of the flat easement and the institution of life estate contract.
PL
The article is a result of the collaboration between Polish and Czech scientists who explore academic teachers’ application of resources from the e-learning environment. The presented studies were conducted in 2015-2016 within the IRNet project – International research network for study and development of new tools and methods for advanced pedagogical science in the field of ICT instruments, e-learning and intercultural competences in Poland (University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Ethnology and Educational Science in Cieszyn) and the Czech Republic (University of Ostrava, Pedagogical Faculty). The research was aimed at learning the opinions of academic teachers on their preparation for distance classes and for the stimulation of students’ learning process. The research applied a constructivist perspective, which highlighted the learner’s activity resulting in the subject building their educational reality (in the educational process). Due to the comparative nature of the research, it invoked Harold J. Noah’s model of comparing the quality of University education. The text discusses cases of Poland and the Czech Republic.
EN
The article is a result of the collaboration between Polish and Czech scientists who explore the issues of applying resources from the e-learning environment by academic teachers. The presented study was conducted in 2015–2016, within the project IRNet – International research network for study and development of new tools and methods for advanced pedagogical science in the field of ICT instruments, e-learning and intercultural competences. The research was aimed at learning academic teachers’ opinions on their own skills and possibilities of using various resources from the e-learning environment, as well as the ways in which they apply information and communication technologies in the educational process.
EN
The article presents the results of exploring the purposes of using digital tools to support student learning at universities. This comprises some identified types of digital tools and the frequency of their use by academic staff, which varies due to their level of digital literacy. Then the collected data is provided concerning the numbers of academic staff using basic electronic communication methods. The above data were collected in Polish and Czech universities and later compared to each other. The presented study was conducted over the period 2015–2016 within the IRNet project – International research network for study and development of new tools and methods for advanced pedagogical science in the field of ICT instruments, e-learning and intercultural competences in Poland (University of Silesia, Faculty of Ethnology and Educational Science in Cieszyn) and the Czech Republic (University of Ostrava, Pedagogical Faculty). The undertaken research was aimed at recognizing academic teachers’ activities concerning their support in university students’ learning process.
EN
Aim: The borderland is a category that has been the subject of many theoretical resolutions, in the field of philosophy, sociology and pedagogy. For the needs of the presented analyses, the category of borderland has been adopted in territorial terms, in which it is an area, a common space in which two or more ethnic and cultural groups function. The forms of coexistence are shaped by being next to each other – contact with each other and mutual relationships. Cross-border cooperation is developing very intensively on the Polish-Czech border. This article is aimed to present selected activities carried out as part of cross-border cooperation, with a particular emphasis on those initiated and implemented by the Pedagogical Centre for Nationality Education in Czech Cieszyn. Methods: The text was prepared with the use of document analyses. Results: The result is a description of some selected activities conducted on the Polish-Czech border. Conclusions: Cross-border cooperation is aimed at removing all barriers preventing joint actions and ensuring the flow of experience between regions in different countries. Various ways of building cooperation between neighbours in individual Euroregions can be considered, as well as various ways in which the inhabitants of the borderland use its potential in different parts of the border zone. The funds allocated for joint workshops, field activities, sports or cultural events are aimed at fostering the familiarization with neighbour, seeking knowledge and overcoming stereotypes that may contribute to creating barriers to establishing closer relationships.
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