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EN
In the field on mass/popular culture theory one can distinguish two different aproaches – according to the first of them, culture is a tool of social control and the source of profit (this two functions can complement each other); according to the second, popular culture is a semiotic battlefield, where one can produce also opposite and subversive meanings. In this article I’m setting myself two goals. In the first part of the text I’ll compare two foregoing traditions. In the further parts I’ll confront the following question: can this two theories help us to understand the possibilities of emancipatory subjects in contemporary world? Because the emancipatory and opposite functions of popular culture are emphasized mainly by members of the second tradition, I’ll concentrate here primarily on their views.
EN
In the article I tried to conduct a comparative analiysis of Marx's historical materialism and the theory of social fields by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. In the first step I discussed the two conceptions separately, to compare them in the second part of the text. Of course the short form of article do not provide enough space to perform a very thorough analysis, so I concentrated on this aspect of the two theories which in my opinion are the most important. I wanted to show the even if Bourdieu criticized Marx - from the left side - he also took his intellectual heritage seriously and did not throw Marx away, but tried to modifiy his thought in some areas which - in his opinion - were indefensible.
EN
In this article I tried to analyze the early texts of Karl Marx to abstract from them his views on the state. The question, that interested me, was: is there a theory of the state in early Marx's writings and – if there is – what is it's relationship to the standpoint articulated in his subsequent texts? In the mature thought of Karl Marx the state was understood as a tool of class violence – an institution in the superstructure which primary function is reproduction of a social class structure and its economical infrastructure. But in some early works of this author we won't find such a definitions. I tried to show then, how Marx's understanding of the state have changed during his early period.
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