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Rabaty warunkowe udzielane przez przedsiębiorstwa dominujące w prawie konkurencji Unii Europejskiej

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Szmigielski A.

Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

2016

vol. 3

169-192

While the granting of rebates is a common commercial practice largely used by dominant and non-dominant firms, the assessment of rebates is one of the most complex and unsettled areas of competition law. In the European Union, the decisional practice of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union has been harshly criticized as unnecessarily strict, following a form-based approach that sits uneasily with modern economic theory. The degree of divergence between US and European case law on the proper legal treatment of loyalty rebates is larger than in almost any other fi eld of international antitrust law. Whereas US jurisprudence has traditionally considered loyalty rebates to be a pro-competitive business practice, the Court of Justice of the European Union has repeatedly held that loyalty rebates are an illegal means of distorting competition.

Prawa człowieka i demokracja w centrum działań zewnętrznych Unii Europejskiej. Dylematy prawne i polityczne

100%

Szmigielski A.

Przegląd Zachodni

2016

issue 1(358)

7-22

The article aims to analyze the issue of respect for human rights as a general objective of the EU’s external action. It does so from a legal and political perspective, starting with a brief overview of the legal framework which firmly places human rights at the centre of the EU’s external relations. The EU’s main policy framework and main external instruments will be subsequently described. The concluding section contains some critical remarks on the EU’s aspiration to establish itself as a global promoter of values, in particular the need to improve the coherence and effectiveness of its human rights external policy. Such a need stems from, among others, a fragmentation of the EU’s competences between supranational economic actions and intergovernmental CFSP as well as the absence of clear and strong EU powers in the area of human rights. The present situation involves a paradox, because, on the one hand, there is a lack of Treaty regulations providing clearly that respect for human rights is a general and cross-cutting component of internal EU policies whereas, on the other hand, under these regulations the protection of human rights is seen as an important objective of the EU’s external action.

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1 Przegląd Zachodni

1 Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

2 2016

2 Szmigielski A.

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Rabaty warunkowe udzielane przez przedsiębiorstwa dominujące w prawie konkurencji Unii Europejskiej

Prawa człowieka i demokracja w centrum działań zewnętrznych Unii Europejskiej. Dylematy prawne i polityczne