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Реінтеграція тимчасово окупованих територій Донбасу: передумови та перспективи

100%

Явір В.

Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

2017

vol. 7

121-128

The background and prospects for the reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories of Donbass (ORDLO) are analyzed. The author proves that the introduction of a full-scaled effective policy of reintegration of temporarily occupied territories is complicated by the armed phase of the ethnopolitical conflict, as well as by the lack of combatants’ desire except Ukraine to settle it within the framework of the peace negotiation process. The reintegration component of all political and legal mechanisms concerning ORDLO is pointed out. Neither the authorities nor the scientific expert community have not yet worked out a system of clear understanding of reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories. This includes strategies, tactics, basic principles of ethnic and political integration process, which has become another challenge for internal and external ethnopolitics of Ukraine, the result of ethnopolitical conflict and loss of territory. The President calls the return of occupied territories under Ukrainian sovereignty a priority, but Ukraine has a completely different tactics of behavior to restore the sovereignty over Donbas and Crimea because the periods of reintegration of these areas are different. The status of two different areas are quite different. ARC has been annexed - illegally incorporated into another state, it became its part in the political and economic sense. While occupied territories of Donbass has been separated - illegally left the independent state, becoming a self-proclaimed formations, which are not recognized and not supported by the international community. The situation is complicated by the fact that the armed phase of the conflict in eastern Ukraine is still going, armed clashes and shelling are continued, which significantly complicates reintegration. But let’s look more attentively at ethnic and political situation in the Donbass, the position of the illegal DNR and LNR and evaluate prospects to return these territories to the Ukraine. Manifestations of separatism that resulted in disintegration, formation of unrecognized states supported by the Russian Federation could not occur in other regions except the Southeast of Ukraine. The all population of this region has been in constant propaganda and informational pressure from the side of Russian Federation aimed at discrediting Ukraine as a state and was properly prepared for separatist sentiments. As part of Donetsk and Lugansk regions were occupied by Russian troops and militias and terrorist organizations DNR, LNR, they were offered a special status that takes into account the situation of the region where military operations are conducted. The Law on special status contains a number of reintegration initiatives and reconciliation aimed to facilitate, encourage the reunification process of separatizated areas of Ukraine. Terrorist organizations LNR and DNR do not appear in the Law, therefore, do not get recognition from the Ukrainian authorities in this way. The Law applies to the territory of Donbass itself controlled by armed separatists. The question of the political settlement of ethnopolitical conflict in the Donbas and local elections remain open. The self-proclaimed states tried to set a date for local elections on their own, demanding from Ukrainian government to accept them and take law on local elections in Donbas. The date of local elections set by leaders of terrorist organizations have repeatedly transferred. The settlement of ethnopolitical conflict in the Donbass mostly complicated by the position of the Russian side, which does not recognize its participation. The Russian side insists that the conflict will stop if Ukraine gives special status of Donbass, conducts constitutional reform. That is selective realization of the Minsk agreements - those the political commitments of Ukraine without implementation of security part concerning Russia and de-facto states.

Інтеграційно-дезінтеграційні процеси у Молдові

100%

Явір В.

Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

2018

issue 8

77-81

Moldova had to deal with the disintegration-integration challenges from the very beginning of the formation of an independent state unlike Ukraine, which at the early stages of independence did not recognize the urgency of ethnonational problems at the state level, did not pay attention to ethnopolitical threats. Issues of ethnopolitical integration and disintegration are among the most important in the field of ethnopolitical security and ethnonational policy of this multiethnic state with very complicated ethnopolitical heritage. Ukraine did not take advantage of the ethnopolitical experience of Georgia and Moldova in the past, now all three post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia) are at the post-desintegration stage of development, which means the presence of self-proclaimed republics in their territorial composition, the settlement of armed ethnicpolitical conflicts and the policy of reintegration of the occupied territories. In fact Moldova’s disintegration began before the formation of an independent state in the course of the collapse of the USSR. Its cause was the Transnistrian ethnopolitical conflict, which is considered one of the most controversial in the post-Soviet space, although the ethnic factor did not play a decisive role in it. In the late 1980s, the nationalist movement for the restoration of the state gained popularity in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Moldovan elite tried to build the state around the formation of the national-linguistic identity of its citizens. An important element in the restoration of Moldavian identity was the political course of ethnopolitical, ethnolinguistic integration of Moldova with ethnic, linguistic and historically close country - Romania. This triggered the separation of Transnistria. The Transnistrian conflict has been under regulation for more than 25 years, but the prospects for restoring the territorial integrity of Moldova and the Transnistria reintegration are very small. During numerous talks with Russia, Ukraine and the OSCE, it was not possible to reach agreement on the status of Transnistria. The Moldovan leadership refused to conduct direct talks with leaders of the unrecognized republic, stressing that it is necessary to negotiate with Russia, which writes the script of the negotiation process and manipulates leaders of self-proclaimed state. The regulation of the Transnistrian conflict was significantly hampered by the integration trends between Moldova and Romania, which did not lead to the ethnopolitical integration of both states, but became a hindrance to the reintegration of Transnistria into Moldova. Moldova balances between an association with Romania and an orientation towards Russia, depending on which political forces - pro-Russian or pro-Romanian gained power in the state. Ethnopolitical integration with Romania meant a loss of statehood and a lasting loss of hope in resolving the Transnistria conflict by returning the territory of an unrecognized republic to Moldova. Moldova is an example of an unstable post-Soviet state, an ethno-political system that contains many ethnic and territorial contradictions, are dependent on foreign policy players, in which disintegration-integration processes balance each other, preventing the state from advancing in any direction of integration/disintegration. The political course on the ethnopolitical integration of Moldova with Romania hinders the resolution of the Transnistrian conflict, the reintegration of the territories of an unrecognized republic into Moldova and threatens further disintegration - the secession of Gagauzia. Therefore, this post-Soviet state, full of internal contradictions, has not succeeded in any direction - both integration with Romania and overcoming the consequences of disintegration. But, despite the fact that Moldova did not restore territorial integrity, it retained statehood and sovereignty.

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2 Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

2 Явір В.

1 2018

1 2017

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Реінтеграція тимчасово окупованих територій Донбасу: передумови та перспективи

Інтеграційно-дезінтеграційні процеси у Молдові