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1
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Budownictwa drewniane na terenie Danii w okresie wikińskim i wczesnośredniowiecznym

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Barnycz-Gupieniec R., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1987
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vol. 8
DE
Die Entwicklung der Forschungen über die Wikinger und frühmittelalterliche Periode auf dem Gebiet von Dänemark erlaubte die ausreichende Anzahl der Angaben zu sammeln, die ermöglichen, eine Rekonstruktionsprobe der Formen vom Holzbauwesen zu unternehmen. Die Forschungen der Dorlbesiedlung waren Grund zu Erwägungen über typische Bobauungsformen, die aus einem oder mehreren Höfen bestanden. Mehr-Höfo-Bebauung charakterisierte die Anwesenheit der kleinen und grossen Häuser, die vielleicht zu bedeutsamen Landsleuten und Vorsteher gehörten. Eine spezifische Form der dänischen Besiedlung waren sog. runde Burgen von auf anderen Gebieten nicht wiederholbaren Planung, aber mit den für nördlichwestliches Europa typischen bogenförmig gesta lteten Häusern. Es gehören 3 Burgen dazu: Trelleborg, Aggersborg und Fyrkat. Vom Anfang des X. Jahrhunderts beginnen sich auf dem Gebiet von Dänemark frühstädtische Zentren wie z.В Haithabu, Ärhus, Ribe, Viborg zu entwickeln. In der Wikinger und frühmittelalterlichen Zeit herrschen in Dänemark grundsätzlich 2 Konstruktionstypen. Traditionell ist ein Typ des Hallenhauses von geraden oder bogenförmigen Wänden in der Flechtwerk, Bohlen- und Palisadekonstruktion. Kleine Objekte hatten eher wirtschaftlich-industrielle Funktionen. Es fällt auch ziemlich grosse Anzahl der Erdbauten auf, die auch in frühstädtischen Zentren auftreton. Zu unterstreichen ist die Tatsache, dass wie bisher, auf dem Gebiet von Dänemark keine Kommkonstruktionen festgelegt wurden.
2
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Typy konstrukcji drewnianych na terenie Norwegii w Średniowieczu

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Barnycz-Gupieniec R., Katedra Archeologii U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1984
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vol. 5
EN
Settlements in Norway were situated mainly in coastal regions, on fertile solle of Oslofiord, and on rugged and irregular Western coast, in adjoining valleys including the region of Trondheim valley. Differentiated landscape acpcunted for differentiation of settlement points and economic activities of the inhabitants. Diversity of structural forms in Norway in the Middle Ages testifies that wooden construction was well developed there already then. Types of timber-work in Norway and in most coastal areas of the Baltic were generally based on the same designs although they differed between them sometimes quite substantially in various details. The pine-tree was providing the most important timber. The oldest Norwegian housing construction, like in the entire Scandinavia, did not make a full use of timber using it mainly as pillars or for roof structures. Walls, on the other hand, were erected from stone and earth or from plaited materials covered with clay. In Norwegian houses timber-framework structures date back to loth century but it may have just as well appeared earlier showing from the very beginning a well- -developed form. All the remaining structures, with the exception of framework structures, can be generally classified as pillar structures with this element playing one of more important roles in construction of walls. Approached more widely, pillar-board structures are a common phenomenon of all- -European character, while in a more narrow approach - a North-European phenomenon. Pillarboard structures represent this type of construction in which the wall elements are situated vertically. This term is often used in Norway for walle filled with vertically inserted boards. A classical form of such structures are Norwegian churohes, the so-called "stavkirke". Foundations under Norwegian houses differed one from another depending upon the basement soil and wall construction. Sometimes foundations from beams or stones were used alone. Sometimes walls were separated from the wet basement soil by means of dug-in trunk-pillars in corners. Three kinds of floors can be distinguished in Norwegian houses: 1 - earth-clay floors, 2 - stone floors, 3 - wooden floors. Fire-placee were usually placed either in corners or in the centre of a room. Centrally situated fire-places had wooden frames or frames from atone plates. Reconstruction of roof bondings seems to present most problems. This article does not aim at comprehensive analysis of such a rich research area as wooden construction in Norway. The author wanted only to outline briefly the complexity of this problem.
3
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Uwagi na marginesie zagadnienia wież drewnianych w rejonie północno-wschodniego Bałtyku

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Barnycz-Gupieniec R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1983
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vol. 3
EN
The problem of wooden towers belongs to the more combined questions than it seems, particulary when it's considered against a broad comparative background. In the late 12th century began to appear little "conoidal" strongholds, which are regarded as the prototypes of the castles with the dwelling towers by some scholars or as some reduction of the larger constructions by the others. The towers performed the dwelling and defensive function. Their distant patterns can be recovered in the West-European constructions dated back as early as to the end of the 10th century. Recent excavations (Siedląeków) threw a little more light upon the questions of the so called knights' strongholds both in formal and functional aspects, and the new studies supported the supposition that defensive and dwelling towers were located also within the ramparts along side the ground-floor dwelling and husbandry constructions (Kaszowo, Raciąż, Chmielno). Thus the functional character of the towers extends and they can be regarded as the last defence objects which usually played a role of the watching posts. The material concerning the towers is to be divided into two groups: 1. towers survived until nowadays or readable while excavating, 2, information about the towers derived from the wrlsten and iconographic sources as well as from the toponomastic names. In the north-east region of the Baltic the towers occured in number, along the important water routes, especially along those leading from the Finnish Bay inside Russia.The towers from this region can be cinsidered as the examples of the earliest constructions of this kind. That type of construction is know also from Finland, Estonia and Sweden and dates back to the 11th or 12th century at least. The towers standing along the Swedish water routes controlled and blocked the fords. The former investigations provided the ascertainment that the towers were built in the laft constructions, in three or more floors with the dwelling room. In a case of necessity they were used as the pi.sons. The problem of the wooden or stone towers is still an open question and one may suggest that the further investigations will bring new determinations.
4
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Budownictwo drewniane na grodzie raciąskim z drugiej połowy XIII wieku

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Barnycz-Gupieniec R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1983
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vol. 3
EN
Archaeological investigations af the stronghold at Raciąż, province of Bydgoszcz, have been conducted for the past nine years. The Raciąż stronghold is situated on Przyarcz Lake and it is now connected with the mainland by the narrow strip of the ground. Up to now some signifficant portion of the stronghold inner maidan was excavated and four complete houses as well as fragment of another one were uncovered. The area of the maidan is ca 2000 square meters. The stronghold, constructions are dated to the period between 1256 (a firé recorded in Kronika Wielkopolska - Great Polish Chronicle) and 1300 (last fire which definitely brought the stronghold existence to an end) The Raciąż houses were exceptionally big, 16-22 meters long and 7-10 meters wide. Such dimensions suggest that the houses must have consisted of many rooms, at least of two. As far as few wooden fragments indicate they were built in the laft construction as well as in the wattle coated with a clay one. Floors were mainly of clay, seldom of wood. Nearly in all cases the cellars were revealed underueath the houses, on average 3 x 3 meters dimension and f-a 1,60 to 1,80 meters deep. The cellars were dug under the floors in the central parts of the houses. Only in house nr 2, consisted of the smithy and dwelling room, the cellar was situated under the latter room. House nr 1 was probably constructed upon the stone foundation. It was the smallest object and its dimensions were 7 x 9 meters. It is reasonably suspected that it could be the several-floor construction, perhaps the dwelling tower. For it stood opposite to the entrance gate, on the another side of the maidan it could be the last defending point of the stronghold. In the Western part of the maidan a house with outbuilding was uncovered. It was the smithy with the two-room dwelling house. In the Eastern part two houses were standing. One was furnished with the domelike stove and with firebed interpreted as the kitchen-bakery. The other one had a separated porch or hallway. In the latter house the numerous bones lying in anatomical arrangement were föund. It could be the tworoom (household and dwelling) house with separated dwelling part furnished with a hearth. Almost in all houses were found big quantities of burned corn| grains lying i in regular concentrations. Therefore one can conclude that these were the stocks of corn held in the bags or in the large wooden vessels. In some houses the readible traces of consumption survived in the form of bones lying regularly along the walls. They perhaps do not highly attest to the contemporary hygiene. The furniture of the houses, consisti'g mainly of the objects typical for the stronghold garrison, then the lack of any handicraft workshop, except the smithy, emphasize the military nature of the Raciąż stronghold.
5
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Przegląd budownictwa drewnianego na terenie Szwecji od okresu wędrówek ludów do wczesnego średniowiecza

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Barnycz-Gupieniec R., Katedra Archeologii U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1982
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vol. 2
EN
Swedish excavations with preserved remnants of wooden architecture, known from the literature of the subject, constitute quite big materials basis. It allows to follow along a wider time-span changes which were occuring in the form and construction of housing units. At the time of migration of nations (400-500 A.D.) in Sweden prevail the so-called hall-houses, built on a rectangle plan. Their length amounts to 20-40 mts, but there can be met longer houses reaching 60 mts. Their width ranges from 8 to 10 mts. Shorter houses, with the length of 10-15 mts and width of 6 to 8 mts, are less numerous. All houses had stone foundations. The walls had plaited construction covered with clay. This form of construction was exerting an influence on the roof construction. There were preserved numerous holes in poles running parallelly in two rows, sporadically in four, in side the house along its longer axis. The roof was supported on them. The floor consisted of a layer of beaten ground or clay. More or less in the middle of the house there was standing a fire place although not each unit possessed it. A very characteristic featre !was occurrence of houses with slightly arched longer walls.
6
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Znaki na dnach naczyń z dworu obronnego w Orłowie

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Barnycz-Gupieniec R., Katedra Archeologii U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1989
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vol. 10
EN
Archeological investigations of the fortified manor in Orłów, parish of Bedlno, province of Płock provided a very interesting pottery material. In total, 12 318 fragments of utensils included 1390 bottoms of which 22 with signs were gathered. The choice of signs of Orłów utensils is rather inconspicuous. The sign of a simple cross drawn with a thin line of arms length from 2 to 3 cm appearing on 17 specimeni was the most common. In four cases the sign of Maltese cross and in one case the cross inscribed in a circle were observed. It is hard to determine whether there are identical signs among them because of the bad state of preserved specimens (the majority of them is rubbed away). Almost all bottoms with signs belong to group A - i.e. pottery so called "traditional" and only three should be prescribed to group AB - possessing features of both traditional and "progressing" technology (biscuit-fire in reduction process). All signed bottoms date back to the second half of the XIIIth century - the first half of the XVth century. Analysing the function of signs three fundamental conceptions arise: proprietary signs of producers, proprietary signs of buyers and magic signs. As to Orłów signs the last conception seems to be the most probable.
7
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Badania wczesnego średniowiecza

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Barnycz-Gupieniec R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1996
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vol. 19
8
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Obronna rezydencja biskupów włocławskich w Subkowach na Pomorzu

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Barnycz-Gupieniec R., Grabarczyk T., Kajzer L., Katedra Archeologii U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1985
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vol. 7
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