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EN
The process of transition of the CEE economies resulted in an increase in their innovativeness and internationalisation. The Polish economy as a transition one has been subject to these processes to a large extent. Due to the fact that innovativeness and internationalisation are perceived as related phenomena, a study of their changes and relationships between them in the transition process may bring interesting cognitive outcomes. The aim of the paper is to describe the changes in the level of innovativeness and internationalisation of the Polish economy when compared with other European economies from the transition process perspective.
EN
Measuring the degree of internalisation of a firm is important for many reasons. Internationalisation of a firm is perceived as being related with many aspects of its performance i.e. innovativeness, competitiveness or efficiency. The most popular complex internationalisation indexes are usually applied to assess the degree of internationalization of the most internationalised, large transnational corporations. There is a little use of these indexes in measuring the degree of internationalization of firms in their early stages of internationalisation, such as the Polish firms are. The aim of the paper it to review the contemporary theoretical approaches to internationalisation of firms and derive some methodological assumptions concerning its measurement. It should help in creating more complex internationalisation indexes which could be used in measuring the degree of internationalisation of such firms.
EN
Many empirical studies confirm the relationship between internationalization and innovativeness of firms. There is also a rich research stream on the role of networks in creating innovations and networking as conducive for the innovativeness of firms. It is not clear whether the internationalization or the networking is more important for innovativeness of a firm. It is also not clear which type of innovation – product or process innovation is supported stronger by the internationalization and networking. The aim of the research is to explore the relationships between internationalization, networking and product versus process innovativeness of firms in Poland. The empirical data were collected from 274 firms by direct interviews. The key contribution of the research is that learning by internationalization and learning by networking may lead to the innovativeness of firms, but it is the internationalization which plays here the dominating role. For an emerging market, like the Polish one, the internationalization is more conducive for process innovativeness of firms then for their product innovativeness.
PL
Studia teoretyczne i badania empiryczne wskazują na powiązania między internacjonalizacją i innowacyjnością przedsiębiorstw. Istnieje również bogaty dorobek teoretyczny i badawczy podkreślający znaczenie powiązań sieciowych w procesie tworzenia innowacji. Brakuje jednak badań empirycznych, będących próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, który z tych dwóch czynników – internacjonalizacja czy usieciowienie – silniej wspiera innowacyjność przedsiębiorstw. Nie wiadomo także, który z dwóch podstawowych typów innowacyjności – innowacyjność produktowa czy innowacyjność procesowa – jest silniej powiązany z internacjonalizacją i usieciowieniem przedsiębiorstwa. Celem badań prezentowanych w tym artykule jest rozpoznanie charakteru i siły powiązań między internacjonalizacją i usieciowieniem a innowacyjnością produktową i procesową przedsiębiorstw w Polsce. Analiza statystyczna danych empirycznych z 274 przedsiębiorstw wskazuje, że internacjonalizacja oraz usieciowienie wspierają innowacyjność przedsiębiorstw, przy czym internacjonalizacja odgrywa tutaj rolę dominującą, sprzyjając zarówno innowacyjności procesowej, jak i produktowej.
EN
This paper includes theoretical as well as methodological considerations concerning the measurement of the internationalization degree of companies at the early stages of their international commitment, which is true for the majority of Polish companies internationalizing their activity. It includes a review of methodological approaches concerning the measurement of the degree of internationalization and related internationalization models. These considerations constituted bases for preparing theoretical and methodological framework concerning the measurement of the degree of internationalization of firms in the initial phases of this process. An original concept was presented of an internationalization index and the results of its application to measure the internationalization degree of 274 enterprises surveyed as a part of a research project, financed by the National Science Center: "Internationalization, networking and innovativeness of enterprises - cultural conditions". The paper ends with the discussion of the scope of application of the proposed index and its limitations.
EN
Literature provides many studies on internationalization processes of production and service enterprises, while the internationalization of commerce firms is not a special subject of interest. The goal of the article is an attempt to diminish knowledge gaps by literature studies and an exploratory empirical research. The literature study aims firstly at the recognition of the specific prerequisites and barriers to internationalization of e-commerce enterprises. The second aim of the literature study conducted in the paper is a review of theoretical models describing the internationalization of firms process which should enable to indicate the adequate theoretical framework for further empirical research on internationalization of e-commerce enterprises. Critical analysis of literature enables the distinction of prerequisites in the nature of technological and economic (including market and cost prerequisites) and technological, non-technological, macro- and microeconomic barriers. The exploratory research conducted by the method of the qualitative analysis based on a case study determined diversified paths of internationalization of three Polish e-commerce enterprises. Further research is aimed at the separation of basic types of such modes and factors which influence their formation. Such research should make possible to identify e-commerce enterprises conducting business on an international market and determine the motives and restrictions existing in their foreign expansion.
EN
Extensive empirical research has been dedicated to the links between firm innovation and exports and to the relationship between innovativeness and business cooperation. However, there has been little research into the links between innovation, innovation cooperation and exports. This results in a fragmentation of knowledge in this field in both Polish and international literature on the subject. Most researchers focus on technological (product and process) innovation, while paying little attention to marketing and organizational innovation. Also, the complementarity of different types of innovation and their relation to exports is rarely taken into account. Moreover, studies on cooperation in innovation processes rarely take up the issue of cooperation partners, particularly in the context of exports. This paper intends to complement this knowledge. The findings are based on an analysis of firm-level empirical data collected by Poland’s Central Statistical Office (GUS) in the Polish version of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for 2008-2010. The results of the analysis show that combining various types of innovation as well as innovation cooperation, especially with foreign partners, enhance the international competitive advantage of Polish manufacturing firms and increase the intensity of new-product exports.
PL
Na temat związków między innowacyjnością przedsiębiorstw a eksportem oraz między innowacyjnością a współpracą przedsiębiorstw przeprowadzono wiele badań empirycznych. Opracowań dotyczących powiązań pomiędzy innowacyjnością, współpracą i eksportem jednocześnie jest jednak bardzo mało, co sprawia, że wiedza na ten temat jest bardzo ograniczona zarówno w Polsce, jak i za granicą. Większość badaczy skupia się na innowacjach technologicznych (w obszarze produktu lub procesu), nie przywiązując większej wagi do innowacji marketingowych czy organizacyjnych. Nie uwzględnia się także komplementarności różnego typu innowacji, także w odniesieniu do eksportu. Ponadto w badaniach kooperacji w procesach innowacyjnych przedsiębiorstw rzadko podejmuje się kwestię typu partnerów współpracy, w szczególności w kontekście eksportu. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu uzupełnienie tej wiedzy. Badanie jest oparte na mikro danych gromadzonych w ramach Community Innovation Survey (CIS) - badania innowacyjności polskich przedsiębiorstw przeprowadzonego przez GUS obejmującego lata 2008-2010. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz pokazują, że łączenie różnego typu innowacji oraz współpraca w działaniach innowacyjnych, w szczególności z partnerami zagranicznymi, pomaga polskim przedsiębiorstwom produkcyjnym tworzyć przewagę konkurencyjną na rynkach zagranicznych.
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