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1

THE ORIENTALIST MILIEU IN WILNO (VILNIUS) 1919-1939 (Orientalistyczne srodowisko w Wilnie: 1919-1939)

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Tyszkiewicz J.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2008
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issue 3-4 (226-227)
173-181
EN
Oriental studies in interwar Poland developed at universities in Kraków, Lvov (Lviv) and Warsaw. Vilnius had large Jewish, Tartar and Karaite communities totaling around 54,000 people. There was an interest in both Oriental culture and languages: Hebrew, Turkish, Arabic and Karaite. The following institutions were active in the field: the Vilnius University Ethnographic Museum, Belarusian Museum, a large Jewish Library, and since 1930 also Karaite Museum. These also included the Republic of Poland's Tartar Cultural and Educational Association and the Karaite History and Literature Friends Association. The following periodicals were published: 'Rocznik Tatarski' (Tartar Yearbook), 'Zycie Tatarskie' (Tartar Life'), 'Mysl Karaimska' (Karaite Thought) and a number of Jewish titles. Vilnius hosted two conferences of the Polish Association for Oriental Studies (1932 and 1937), with the participation of Karaite and Tartar representatives. Both of Eastern European Research and Science Institute, founded in 1930, and the School of political Studies had Orientalists among their founders: Tadeusz Kowalski and a Karaite, Seraya Shapshal. Shapshal taught Turkish and held lectures on Oriental culture at the School of Political Studies, and published a number of papers in the field. Karaites from Troki (Trakai), Ananiasz Zajaczkowski and Wlodzimierz Zajaczkowski, left for Warsaw and Kraków and worked there as Orientalists. Vilnius hosted the Muftiate of the Republic of Poland and Tartar Museum.
2

Turkolodzy polscy w czasie II wojny światowej

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Tyszkiewicz J.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2018
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vol. 63
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issue 4
71–92
EN
There were eight Turcologists in 1939 in Poland, including three professors: Władysław Kotwicz at the University of Lvov, Tadeusz Kowalski at the Jagiellonian University and Ananiasz Zajączkowski at the University of Warsaw. Muslim mufti in Poland Jakub Szynkiewicz and Marian Lewicki (University of Lvov) had a PhD in Oriental studies. Stanisław Szachno-Romanowicz, employee at the Main Archives in Warsaw, had an MA in Arabic studies and a PhD in Semitic studies. Master’s degrees in Oriental studies received: Ali Woronowicz (Lvov) and Turcologist Seraja Szapszał (St. Petersburg). A distinguished author and organiser of cultural life of the Karaites was Aleksander Mardkowicz (magazine “Karaj Awazy”) and of Tartars – Leon and Olgierd Kryczyński (magazine “Rocznik Tatarski”). Stanisław Kryczyński, with an MA in history, co-operated with the Tartars. Some of them were executed for political reasons,– Leon Kryczyński by the Germans (1939), Olgierd Kryczyński by the Soviet secret police NKVD (1942), Ali Woronowicz died in NKVD prison (1941); the last two for co-operation with the “Prometeusz” movement. Tadeusz Kowalski together with other Jagiellonian University professors was imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen camp (until 8.2.1940). Jobless and emaciated, the following died of natural causes: Stanisław Kryczyński (1941), Aleksander Mardkowicz (1944) and Władysław Kotwicz (1944). The following survived the war: Jakub Szynkiewicz (emigrated in 1944), Seraja Szapszał was detained in the Lithuanian Socialist Republic, Stanisław Szachno-Romanowicz, evacuated in 1939, remained as an expatriate in London. Doing odd jobs, the following survived the war: Tadeusz Kowalski, Ananiasz Zajączkowski, Marian Lewicki. After 1945 they took up scientific work.
3

Budowa mostu na łodziach i przeprawa wojsk Władysława Jagiełły do Czerwińska w 1410 roku

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Tyszkiewicz J.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2020
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vol. 65
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issue 4
43–65
EN
Władysław Jagiełło and Witold Kiejstutowicz were preparing a war with the Teutonic Order. It was decided to build a bridge across the Vistula near Czerwińsk. The wood for building about 50 riverboats (punts) and spans had to dry for several months. The works which started in February 1409 in the Kozienice Forest were coordinated by Master Jarosław and Staroste Dobrogost the Black. Teams of boatbuilders, carpenters, blacksmiths and raftsmen made the elements of the bridge (boats, spans, anchors, iron buckles). The bridge was erected between Śladow and Czerwińsk on June 28–30, 1410. The barriers on the banks and the military forces ensured an uninterrupted march of the Polish army on June 30–July 3, comprising approx. 15,000 mounted knights, several hundred heavy tabor wagons, and several dozen cannons. The combined Polish and Lithuanian-Ruthenian armies departed from Czerwińsk for the war with the Teutonic Order. The bridge was dismantled, floated to Płock and rebuilt on the Vistula near Przypust on September 24–27, 1410 for the returning Polish army.
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Z historii orientalistyki. Listy Stanisława Szachno-Romanowicza do Władysława Kotwicza: 1928–1939

100%
Tyszkiewicz J.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2020
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issue 1 (273)
79-90
EN
Władysław Kotwicz (1872–1944), eminent Mongolist and Altaist, in 1926–1939 was a Professor of the University of Jan Kazimierz in Lvov where he was a Chair of the Far East. The present article discusses the correspondence which W. Kotwicz received from Stanisław Szachno-Romanowicz (1900–1975). The letters date from 1920s. They document the development of Polish Oriental Studies in independent Poland. The correspondence consists of twenty eight letters and postcards sent by Szachno-Romanowicz from Warsaw to Vilnius where W. Kotwicz stayed while he was free from university duties.
5

SERAYA SHAPSHAL'S LETTER WRITTEN IN THE OTTOMAN LANGUAGE (Z historii polskiej orientalistyki w polowie XX w. List Seraii Szapszala pisany po turecku do Tadeusza Kowalskiego)

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Tyszkiewicz J., Emiroglu Ö.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2009
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issue 1-2 (228-229)
9-16
EN
Seraya Shapshal (1873-1961) was a turkologist and a religious leader of the haham Karaim community. He came from Crimea and studied in Saint Petersburg (Russia) and Istanbul. He also spent some time in Iran and in 1928 he came to Vilnius (Wilno) in Poland. From 1929 to 1939 he worked with the Polish Oriental Society. He corresponded with the Cracow turkologist professor Tadeusz Kowalski on scientific matters. Shapshal's letters to Kowalski written between 1929 and 1947 are kept in the Archives of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU). In 1945, Shapshal sent from Vilnius a letter in the Ottoman language written with the use of the Arabic alphabet. He was certain that Kowalski would be the only person to read it. The letter was delivered by a person who was arranging the Karaims' journey to Poland, as in 1945 Vilnius and its county was incorporated into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. Shapshal wrote about arresting former Polish citizens and he asked whether Kowalski was able to find him a job for the Jagiellonian University. The letter contained two parts: the first one was written on the 3 May 1945 and the second one - one day later. Shapshal wrote the dates in an extremely unusual way: he used the Arabic numerals to write the day of the month as well as the year (19 -1945, 20 -1945) while he placed an Arabic letter (g) and a vertical dash between them. It meant 'gemadi elula 1', the fifth month of the Muslim year. By doing so, he combined Arabic calendar with the year according to the Christian age. Scholars used to help each other. T. Kowalski and S. Shapshal wrote to a Russian scientist from Leningrad (Saint Petersburg), Ignacy Kraczkowski, who supported Shapshal's efforts in Vilnius. S. Shapshal started to work for the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and he became a curator for the Karaim Museum in Vilnius, where he displayed the collection he had gathered in Poland between 1930 and 1938.
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