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DE
Für Martin Luther ist allein die Heilige Schrift Grundlage des christlichen Glaubens – „Sola scripura“ – nicht die Tradition der Kirche, der er sehr kritisch gegenüberstand. Grundlegend war für ihn dabei „sein Verständnis von Christus und sein Verständnis paulinischer Rechtfertigungsbotschaft “. Das Lesen und Hören der biblischen Texte hatte auf ihn eine befreiende Wirkung. Die Gefahr dabei ist, dass dies exklusiv verstanden werden könnte, und die Bedeutung der Glaubensgeschichte Israels für die christliche Bibelauslegung ausgeblendet wird, wie es bei Martin Luther der Fall war. Er stellte sich sehr scharf gegen die jüdische Auslegung, da deren Sichtweise auf die Texte des Ersten Testaments, seiner Meinung nach das Verständnis der Heilsbotschaft bzw. die Christusbotschaft des Ersten Testaments verdunkeln würden. Die Befreiungserfahrung in der Verkündigung des Evangeliums ist zuerst die Fokussierung des Heilshandels Gottes, das weder exklusiv noch inklusiv zu verstehen ist, sondern kommunikativ-dialogisch. Hier ist nicht entscheidend, welche Religionszugehörigkeit letztlich mitgebracht wird, sondern allein das auf Gott Vertrauenkönnen wie Abraham.
EN
Martin Luther was pretty much in opposition to traditions of the church. Th is is because he took the Scripture as sole foundation and basis for (his) Christian faith – “sola scriptura”. “His understanding of Christ as well as his understanding of Paul’s doctrine of justifi cation” was of central importance for Luther. Reading the Bible and listening to biblical texts had releasing and liberating effects on him. Yet, people have to be aware of the danger that these scriptural texts can be interpreted exclusively in a way that one forgets about the meaning of Israel’s history and faith for Christianity. Th at was one of Martin Luther’s great misunderstandings. He was in opposition to the Jewish exegesis because he thought that this could have clouded the believer’s perspective on the Jesus’ message of salvation as well as on the message of Christ as revealed in the First Testament. Experiencing liberation through the proclamation of the Gospel fi rst of all implies the focus on God’s saving work. Th is again should neither be understood exclusively nor inclusively but in a communicative and dialogic form. It is not important which religious denomination people belong to, but rather that they can trust God like Abraham did.
EN
What connections are there between education and religion as complementary dimensions of personality development in the postmodern era? Wilhelm Schwendemann takes the 50th anniversary of the death of the philosopher of religion Martin Buber as an occasion to define the relationship between education and religion against the background of Buber’s philosophy of dialogue. In interreligious dialogue, in particular, it seems to become increasingly important in future not to focus on the otherness of others but to tolerate it and to admit an encounter with them without neglecting one’s own religious identity.
EN
Religious competence comprises hermeneutical and symbolic knowledge. It also forms the basis for cognitive approaches to religious participation e.g. in church services and liturgical procedures. Religious education classes ought to build up pupils’ religious competence, but there is also a need for authentic, sympathetic teachers who are willing to talk to their pupils and assist their development as religious subjects. Religious education is in two ways subject-oriented, towards man and God. It must not be confused with output-oriented learning processes. Religious education is about more than religious skills, and is based on a successful relationship between man and God as well as from person to person.
DE
Martin Luther as anti-Semite? Anti-Semitism is defined as having various ideological justifications for a general hostility and vilification towards Jews. Luther has never been good friends with Jews. The biblical Judaism as well as the contemporary one remained estranged from him for his lifetime. His relationship to biblical related religions was embittered by the overall anti-Judaism of his times, by apocalyptic conceptions, by dangerous threats of pests and wars and finally by personal crises. In addition there was his Christological perspective on old-testament texts. Luther insisted on a literal exegesis of the sonship of Jesus Christ and he hoped that the Jewish community would accept this. The reformers wanted to convert their Jewish contemporaries. With regard to Luther we can not uphold to the idea of a racial anti-Semitism. Rather, he was a religious anti-Semite, more precisely a theologically motivated anti-Judaist. In addition to that he “does not refer to medieval anti-Semite stereotypes, but pushes for the correct interpretation of the scripture. In much the same way he imputes theological delusion as well as the wrong interpretation of the scripture to the Jews.” Th ere is a need to reconsider and replace the understanding that the church respectively the Christian religious community replaced Judaism, and is now historically taking over Israel’s role in this world. There is a challenge to proclaim and articulate Christian faith in a way that does not harm the religious identity of Muslims or Jews.
DE
Was jeder Evangelische wissen muss - Basics des Christentums – Evangelisch bzw. Evangelium bedeutet, auf die befreiende Botschaft des Evangeliums Jesu Christi zu hören und die Botschaft zu vernehmen. Sola Fide – „allein durch den Glauben wird der Mensch gerechtfertigt“: Der Mensch lässt sich auf Gott ein, er glaubt, d.h. er vertraut in und auf Gott, und erfährt Befreiung. Er gibt ihm die Ehre, er erkennt „Gott als Gott, als Schöpfer und sich selbst als Geschöpf “ an, und dem Menschen kommt somit Würde zu. Der Mensch kann sich nicht selbst vor Gott rechtfertigen – Sola Gratia: „allein durch die Gnade Gottes wird der Mensch errettet, nicht durch eigenes Tun“. Gott beschenkt den glaubenden Menschen, und es braucht weder gute Werke noch Heilige oder geweihte Priester, die zwischen Gott und Mensch vermitteln. Gott rechtfertigt den glaubenden, vertrauenden Menschen, und das allein aus Gnade: er geht mit dem Menschen eine Beziehung ein, trotz dessen Fehler und falscher Verhaltensweisen. Solus Christus – „allein Christus“ – Weil Gott schon zum Menschen gekommen ist, muss dieser sich nicht mehr mit religiösen Praktiken und Werken und Handlungen abmühen, um zu Gott zu kommen. Soli Deo Gloria – „allein Gott gebührt die Ehre“: „Die Art und Weise, wie Abraham seinen Glauben, sein Vertrauen auf Gott, gelebt hat“, soll Vorbild sein. Mit diesen Geschichten „lässt sich zeigen, dass es auch gelingendes Leben im beschädigten Leben geben kann.“ Sola Scriptura – „allein die (Heilige) Schrift ist die Grundlage des christlichen Glaubens“, darauf hat Martin Luther bestanden. Im Lesen der biblischen Texte bekommen wir eine Ahnung, wie es sein könnte, wenn Gott hilft , wenn Gott etwas Überraschendes tut, wenn sich eine Situation für uns ändert und wir das als Eingreifen, Verändern durch Gott in einem religiösen Sinn verstehen. Die Haltung, die sich Liebe und Gnade gefallen lassen kann, ist die Haltung des off enen und vertrauenden Menschen, des Menschen, der zu Gott DU sagen kann und sich von Gott Liebe und Zuwendung gefallen lassen kann, ohne gefallen zu müssen. Das nennt die Bibel ‚Glauben‘, also eine erwartende, hoff ende Haltung, kein Tun, sondern ein sich Gefallenlassen oder auch Fallenlassen.“
EN
Being protestant means to listen to and receive the gospel, the good news of Jesus Christ. Sola Fide – it is by faith only that humans can be justifi ed. People get involved with God that is they put their faith in him and experience redemption and deliverance. People give glory to God, and acknowledge him as God and creator and themselves as creatures. By this he, who praises him, receives dignity. People are unable to justify themselves in God’s view – Sola Gratia: it is by grace only that human beings receive salvation, not by their own deeds. God is the one who presents faithful humans with a relationship to himself. Neither good deeds nor saints nor sanctifi ed priests can mediate between God and human mankind. Again: It is by grace only that God enters into a relationship with humans, notwithstanding the fact that the latter do mistakes and behave incorrectly. Solus Christus – only Christ. Due to the fact that Christ came to us as human mankind, people don’t need to bother with religious methods and principles in order to please God and come to him. Soli Deo Gloria – it is God alone who is worthy to receive all honour. Th e way Abraham put his faith and trust into action shall be an example for people nowadays. This and comparable stories “clearly demonstrate that there is successful and well-accomplished life within broken lives. Sola Scriptura – it is the Holy Scripture only that is the basis of Christian faith – that is what Martin Luther insisted on. By reading biblical texts people get a glimpse of what it is like if God bails someone out or if God does unexpected or miraculous things. Th e Scripture gives evidence of God’s influence on this world if people seek to understand it in a religious sense. An attitude that is willing and able to receive love and grace, this is the attitude of an open and trustworthy person. Such a person can address God as father, mother or friend and is prepared to receive God’s love and care without being forced to please him. Th is is what the Scripture calls “faith”: an attitude of expectation and hope rather than pure eff ort. It means letting God do good to you and in the pretty much the same way dropping yourself into him.
EN
The Speech ‘Uplifting forces in the classroom, quality in education and professionalism of teachers’ delivered by Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Schwendemann refers to the PISA Report and Martin Buber’s principle of ‘uplifting forces’ in a dialogue-based structured class. The capability of dialogue strengthens the component of relationship between student and teacher. Martin Buber aims to strengthen and develop the personality of both teacher and student. The pivotal argument for a good relationship between student and teacher is, additional to the capability of dialogue the trust, which improves the self-efficacy and the self-worth of a person. This is formed mainly by the authenticity of the other person. Through measuring the quality of education in a class, the individual learning process should be made possible, be maintained, be improved and be assessed. Beneficial, by looking at the relation between didactics and methods, are mainly the tactics that are focused on the proces and the impact it has on the students. The quality of the education is then looked at, with a list of the broad expectations towards a teacher. Ultimately the deciding factor for a better quality and professionalism in the class or learning environment is the quality of the relationships, like Martin Buber’s principle on the ‘ability of dialogue’ says.
DE
Der Vortrag ‚Aufbauende Kräfte im Unterricht, Unterrichtsqualität und Lehrerprofessionalität‘ von Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Schwendemann bezieht sich auf die PISA-Studie und Martin Bubers Prinzip der ‚aufbauenden Kräfte‘ im dialogischen Unterricht. Martin Buber geht es um die Dialogfähigkeit, welche die Beziehungskomponente im Unterricht zwischen Schüler innen und Lehrkraft stärkt. Dabei zielt er auf die Stärkung und Entfaltung der Persönlichkeit bei Lernenden, sowie auch Lehrenden. Ausschlaggebend für eine gute Lehrer/Lehrerinnen-Schüler/Schülerinnen-Beziehung ist zusätzlich zurDialogfähigkeit das Vertrauen, was die Selbstwirksamkeit und den Selbstwert stärkt. Dieses entsteht hauptsächlich durch die Authentizität der Lehrperson. Durch das Messen der Qualität eines Unterrichts sollen individuelle Lernprozesse bei Lernenden ermöglicht, aufrechterhalten, verbessert und bewertet werden. Förderlich, beim genaueren Betrachten des Verhältnisses von Didaktikund Methodik, sind Prozess- und Wirkungsorientiertheit. Die Güte von Lehre wird mit einer Aufzählung der umfangreichen Erwartungen an eine Lehrkraft thematisiert. Letztendlich ist jedoch die Beziehungsqualität im dialogischen Unterricht das Ausschlaggebende, um Qualität und Professionalität zu erhöhen.
EN
What connections are there between education and religion as complementary dimensions of personality development in the postmodern era? Wilhelm Schwendemann takes the 50th anniversary of the death of the philosopher of religion Martin Buber as an occasion to define the relationship between education and religion against the background of Buber’s philosophy of dialogue. In interreligious dialogue, in particular, it seems to become increasingly important in future not to focus on the otherness of others but to tolerate it and to admit an encounter with them without neglecting one’s own religious identity.
EN
PISA studies have brought about a radical change in the design of teaching and educational planning. Th e focus has become centred on skillbased orientation in the cognitive acquisition of qualities, abilities and skills. Th is essay presents the concept of skill-based learning, with a critical commentary on the quality standard of successful teaching.
EN
PISA studies have brought about a radical change in the design of teaching and educational planning. The focus has become centred on skill-based orientation in the cognitive acquisition of qualities, abilities and skills. This essay presents the concept of skill-based learning, with a critical commentary on the quality standard of successful teaching.
EN
Religious competence comprises hermeneutical and symbolic knowledge. It also forms the basis for cognitive approaches to religious participation e.g. in church services and liturgical procedures. Religious education classes ought to build up pupils’ religious competence, but there is also a need for authentic, sympathetic teachers who are willing to talk to their pupils and assist their development as religious subjects. Religious education is in two ways subject-oriented, towards man and God. It must not be confused with output-oriented learning processes. Religious education is about more than religious skills, and is based on a successful relationship between man and God as well as from person to person.
Rocznik Teologiczny
|
2016
|
vol. 58
|
issue 4
545-582
DE
Für Martin Luther war besonders wichtig, dass der sündige Mensch durch die Annahme und Gnade Gottes gerechtfertigt wird; dies mache den Menschen frei von Sünde, und gleichzeitig auch frei zum Dienst am Nächsten. Der Mensch werde befähigt, überhaupt Werke vollbringen zu können – sie sind die Folgen des christlichen Glaubens, aber nicht dessen Voraussetzung. Die christliche Freiheit soll in den sozialen Bezügen gelebt und gestaltet werden –aus einer inneren Haltung der beschenkten Freiheit heraus und nicht, um vor Gott oder Anderen gut dazustehen. Dieses befreiende Freiheitsverständnis der Reformatoren unterscheidet sich stark vom Freiheitsverständnis der heutigen Gesellschaft, „das Freiheit als Ausdruck menschlicher Leistungsfähigkeit interpretiert oder an Tätigkeiten wie Selbstverwirklichung rückbindet“. Dagegen ist Freiheit im Sinne Luthers an etwas gebunden, den Nächsten im Blick zu haben. Erst im Anderen verwirklicht sich meine persönliche Freiheit – erst gelingende Beziehung zum Anderen setzt persönliche Freiheit in Kraft.
EN
Martin Luther considered it to be of particular importance that the sinner is justified by God’s acceptance and grace. He supposed that this frees people from sin and also serve their neighbours. People are enabled to do deeds as a consequence of their Christian faith but not as a premise for their faith. Christian freedom should be lived and exercised in social and personal relationships based on an inner attitude of gifted freedom and not be motivated by the wish to placate God or other persons. This freeing concept of liberty of the Protestant Reformers contrasts strongly with the prevalent concept of today’s society, “which interprets freedom as a manifestation of human performance or activities toward self-realisation”. In contrast, freedom in Luther’s sense is closely related to caring for one’s neighbour. My personal freedom is only achieved with other people – uplifting relationships with others empower personal freedom.
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