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  1. 6 Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna

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  2. 3 2007

  3. 2 2006

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  1. 6 Krawczyk R.

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1

CHAOS WHICH MAKES SENSE

100%
Krawczyk R.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2007
|
issue 3(18)
29-61
EN
The author concentrates on the analysis of the phenomenon of civilization as a major factor of the world development and the mechanism leading to formation of the future global order. The aim of the analysis is to attract our attention to the fact that the evolution of great civilizations is only at first glance accidental and chaotic. In reality it includes a certain logic similar to the one which rules language development. Seemingly, languages are fully controlled by their users and in reality they evolve as living creatures demonstrating a surprising independence of their users and remain beyond their control. The author juxtaposes the most important definitions of civilization and indicates that in their analyses the role of religious beliefs is overestimated. According to the author, religions constitute an important but only a component element of great civilization systems, their role systematically decreases because they are pushed aside from the sphere of public life to the sphere of privacy. The author claims that the most important 'constructive element' of civilization are geographical and natural conditions determining the form of traditional agriculture which indicate the most important features of civilization. In his paper the author uses research methods used in social science and international relations, namely analysis , comparative description and historical analysis.
2

CHINA: THIRD POWER ?

100%
Krawczyk R.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2006
|
issue 1(12)
124-142
EN
The aim of the paper is to indicate China as the emerging superpower on a global scale whose economy is entering the group of countries deciding abort the economic condition of the whole world. The analysis is based on the assessment of statistical data of the Chinese economy and demographic forecasts combined with the elements of 'civilization code' as present in the history of China. The analysis results indicate that the appearance of China on the contemporary world arena is not a new phenomenon but a continuation of the county's position from the period of its European expansion. So far, China has been classified as an underdeveloped country (Third World country) which resulted from a temporary collapse of Chinese economy and Chinese society in the 19th and 20th centuries. The paper aims to indicate the necessity of giving up the Western European perspective in analyzing the phenomenon of contemporary China and the necessity of focusing on the attempt to understand the laws governing the Chinese society typical of the Chinese way of world perception. From this point of view it becomes obvious that the rest of the world is not threatened by the Chinese aspiration in the future 'clash of civilizations' as anticipated by the 'Huntington paradigm'.
3

ORIENT, ORIENTALISM, EUROPE AND ISLAM

100%
Krawczyk R.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2007
|
issue 4(19)
13-22
EN
The aim of the paper is to emphasize the specific features of Islam which distinguish it from other great civilizations of the contemporary world and which cause that Islam is treated like a separate formation different from the others regardless of the fact whether you look at it from the eastern or western part of the world. The analysis conducted by the author has a textual character and refers directly to the most important thoughts included in the book by Edward Said 'Orientalism' and especially - in the light of his critical approach to the methodology of research concerning extra - European civilizations. He indicates the essence of this criticism which has its source in the deficit of demand for reliable analysis of the phenomenon of Orient - so varied and - yet so different from the West. The author draws two conclusions: 1) Islam is an indirect hybrid-like civilization, oriental in its nature yet in the form similar to Mediterranean tradition which is close to the West ; 2) Islam like the West and unlike the other civilizations of Asia is a complete formula which is not only a religion but also a complete legal and state system in which religion is an instrument to keep social order. The West would cease to be the West if it stopped protecting individual human rights. Similarly, Islam would melt away if it stopped protecting its dominant principle of class-free formula of justice and its rigorous law of shariat which shapes everyday life of a pious Muslim. The author concludes that it is this complete but anti-western legal system which forms the major barrier for including the Muslim areas of Africa and Asia in the process of globalization.
4

NINE CENTRES OF EUROGENESIS

100%
Krawczyk R.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2007
|
issue 2(17)
7-39
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyse the process of spreading of the former Roman-Latin centre on the majoraty of Europe's area labelled by 'markers' of other centres which were absorber during that process. Three of them shaped under the influence of Latin civilization from the beginning of the European history turned into one entity creating the 'old' European Union of 15 states. One of them (the Pskov-Novogrod) was absorbed by Russia and disappeared from the map. The remaining five were of a more or less oriental character and their cultural processing required more time. Some of them have remained oriental and resistant to European standards. The method used to analyse the above-mentioned process is 'von Thunen model' named after the 19th century researcher of the 'circles' of spreading of agrarian revolution in Europe and the laws ruling radiating of urban centres on rural areas surrounding them. Today from the point of view of European and world's history we can assume that the integration processes which led to formation and enlargement of the European Union correspond to the mechanism of 'civilization circles' based on the 'von Thunen model'. They also constitute a theoretical generalization of historical reality: the process of enlargement of the original centre at the cost of absorbed peripheries.
5

NEW AND OLD COUNTRIES OF EUROPE

100%
Krawczyk R.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2006
|
issue 2(13)
121-144
EN
The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the process of the EU enlargement is a civilization process, not susceptible to simple political evaluations. Purely economic benefits are here of minor importance and further enlargement will face various barriers ( which can be observed in the case of Turkey ) unless the EU is able to work out a clear definition of an 'European character'. It seems that on May 1, 2004 the European Pandora's box broke and the process of the Union enlargement started whose end and the final form are difficult to predict. A lot of arguments indicate that before that date the 'old countries' of the Union considered the enlargement as a natural unification of the countries representing similar cultural identity. After the date and the accession of 10 new countries from Central and Southern Europe the 'old countries' saw the enlargement as a civilization clash expressed by Jacques Chirac who talked about the new countries as those which 'did not take their chance to keep quiet'. The situation is becoming more and more complicated and it is difficult to mark the borders of the 'new' Europe of 25 members and decide where the 'newer' Europe boarding 'even newer' Europe begins. Before the accession of the Central and Eastern European countries the EU successfully used the arguments of economic and social delay of the countries aspiring towards the EU membership as a barrier for enlargement. However, after the new ten countries joined the EU the argument can no longer be used. Croatia does not represent a lower level of development than Poland or Hungary. Accession treaties with Romania and Bulgaria show that the EU does not close its doors for the Balkan countries which so far have been looked upon as exotic countries. Their levels of development are not very different from those represented by Turkey, Serbia or Montenegro.
6

ISLAMIC VISION OF THE WORLD

100%
Krawczyk R.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2008
|
issue 1(20)
18-49
EN
The aim of the article is to draw attention to a frequent mistake made by western religious experts and civilization researches who are inclined to treat Islam in the same way as while analyzing any other religion, i. e. as a specific sphere of human life which is their sacrum of contacts with God. The author of the article proves that Islam is first of all a complete social system and its religious aspect plays an auxiliary role. The Islamic vision of the world is not a function of human relations with God's transcendence, as it happens in case of Christianity, but has a ummatic dimension, i. e. makes man's will limits dependent on the will of the whole Muslim community. An individual is not limited by the dimensions of a human being with their personal soul and individual ethics constitutes an immanent part of the whole society. So human freedom is obviously limited by the social interest and every human activity is assessed and punished from this point of view. The result of the ummatic vision of the world is a specific definition of human rights in Islam which was formally reflected in the so called Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam (1991) being a former answer to the UN Declaration of Human Rights. The author's analysis is textual and refers to the most important statements made in the Cairo Declaration.
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