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EN
This article features an analysis of the heath status of persons aged 15 and over in Poland during the period of economic and social transformation. The significance of economic factors, as well as social and family roles receives a special focus. Data from the Health Status Survey, carried out by the Central Statistical Office in 1996, formed the database for analyses.The results obtained by use of logistic regressions revealed a close correlation of economic conditions and performed social roles with self-assessed health, occurrence of indicators of emotional discomfort, and incidence of long-standing diseases. The results obtained were age and sex-specific. It was found that a difficult financial situation in a given household magnified the risk of low health rates in both males and females. Marital status and presence of children in a family appeared to be of some significance but only explained differences in health status among women. Yet, the results obtained did not confirm the protective role of married life to the health of females in Poland; in fact, a reverse correlation was observed. An occupational position had bigger effect than the family situation on the self-assessed health status among men.Impact of the financial status and family situation on the health of household members is of a multidimensional nature and necessitates further research.
PL
Przedstawiono stan i zmiany produkcji cebul i bulw kwiatowych w Polsce i poszczególnych krajach Unii Europejskiej oraz określono perspektywy dalszego jej rozwoju. Przeprowadzone analizy obejmują zmiany powierzchni reprodukcyjnej cebul i bulw kwiatowych w poszczególnych krajach, zmiany struktury obszarowej gospodarstw, struktury gatunkowej upraw i jakości cebul i bulw kwiatowych. Powyższe zjawiska określono przy wykorzystaniu indeksów jednopodstawowych i wskaźników procentowych.
EN
This work presents the current state and changes in flower bulbs’ production in Poland and in selected EU member states, as well as prospects for its further development. The analyses concern the changes in flower bulbs’ production area in respective countries, the changes in the farms’ land use structure, in the proportions of species grown and the quality of flower bulbs. The abovementioned phenomena were displayed by using single base and percentage indices.
PL
Przeprowadzono analizę wybranych zagadnień importu i eksportu roślin ozdobnych na obszarze Unii Europejskiej w 2003 i 2006 roku. Pojęcie importu i eksportu roślin ozdobnych na obszarze Unii Europejskiej obejmuje wewnętrzny import pomiędzy 15 krajami (2003) i 25 krajami (2006) będącymi członkami tej struktury. Badaniami objęto import i eksport roślin ozdobnych, zgodnie z ujęciem statystycznym przyjmując siedem grup produktów kwiaciarskich. Są to rośliny doniczkowe, kwiaty cięte świeże, kwiaty cięte preparowane, rośliny szkółkarskie, cebule i bulwy kwiatowe, zieleń cięta świeża i preparowana oraz sadzonki. Analizowano poziom i dynamikę zmian importu i eksportu roślin ozdobnych na obszarze Unii Europejskiej w ujęciu wartościowym oraz strukturę geograficzną wewnętrznego handlu na obszarze Wspólnoty.
EN
This work presents an analysis of selected issues in the European Union’s internal trade in 2003 and 2006. The analyses concern imports and exports of ornamental plants and distinguish, according to the statistical classification, seven group of ornamental horticultural products. These are pot plants, cut flower fresh, treated cut flowers, ornamental nursery seedlings, flower bulbs, corms and tubers dormant, foliage fresh or treated, cuttings and young plants. The analyses show that the Union’s ornamental plants external trade is dominated by old members of the European Union. New members’ accession did not bring significant changes in the turnover of ornamental products. Most of the ornamental plants exported from the EU member states are directed to its old members. The main recipient in the Union’s market is Germany. This country received over 1/3 of the Union’s export of ornamental horticultural products counted by value. Only 3.17% of the Union’s exports of these products counted by value was directed to the biggest receivers of ornamental products among new members, i.e. Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary. The main ornamental plants providers in the European Union are also old members, especially the Netherlands and Italy. Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary supplied in 2006 to the Union’s market only 1.22% of ornamental plants counted by value.
EN
Advantageous changes in male and female mortality taken place in Poland since the early 1990s placed the life expectancy of Poles among the highest in the Central and Eastern Europe. However, that indicator is still far behind the European countries which benefit from the highest life expectancies. The life expectancy values in Poland are currently at levels observed in these countries 30 years ago for males and 20 years ago for females. A gender gap in the life expectancy also remains high, especially in the middle-aged population. The method proposed by E.Arriaga (1984) was used to decompose changes in the life expectancy by age in Poland over the subsequent decades from 1970/1971 to 2003. The period before 1989 was used to show differences in mortality changes between these two time intervals. Disadvantageous trends in mortality among middle-aged men had been observed in Poland as early as the mid 1970s. In the recent years (1991-2003), beneficial shifts in mortality were observed in all age groups, resulting in the increase in the life expectancy at birth. Results of the analysis of differences in life expectancies by gender confirmed a significant contribution of the middle-aged groups to the gender gap. Shifts in mortality are more advantageous for women in the older age groups, which may stimulate a further growth in the number of single old women in Poland.
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