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ROLA MARIANA SMOLUCHOWSKIEGO W UGRUNTOWANIU POGLĄDU O KORPUSKULARNEJ TEKSTURZE MATERII

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Mierzecki R.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2017
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vol. 26
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issue 2(51)
71-76
EN
Born in 1872 Marian Smoluchowski after graduation from the Department of Physics at the University of Vienna, where he studied in the years 1890–1894, and after traineeship in Glasgow, Paris and Berlin laboratories, in 1899–1912 headed the Theoretical Physics Department of the University of Lvov. In 1913, he was appointed Head of the Chair of the Experimental Physics Department at the Jagiellonian University and in 1917 fell victim to the epidemics of dysentery. Smoluchowski studied kinetic theories of matter, particularly Brownian motion; he derived mathematical formula for the relation between amount of average movement of coloidal corpuscules and time, temperature, viscosity and diameter of a corpuscule. Conclusions obtained from those formulas turned out to be in accordance with the results of experiments. Smoluchowski also studied fluctuation of the number of coloidal corpuscules observable in the microscope visual field. The second law of thermodynamics said that the arrangement of material particles cannot spontaneously return to one of their former states but according to the mechanical model such a possibility existed. The fact that there were no observations of such reversible changes led to the conclusions that corpuscular and atomic theories were false and the only correct method was energetic explanation of physical phenomena. In 1904, Wilhelm Oswald concluded that many phenomena could be explained with the use of both corpuscular and energetic theories, although he did not know any phenomenon which could be defined only by corpuscular concepts. Already next year, though, Albert Einstein proved that photoelectricity is exactly such a phenomenon. From 1906, Svedberg was taking measurements of average movement of a colloidal corpuscule in Brownian motion. His experimental results showed conformity with Smoluchowski’s theoretical conclusions. On this basis already in 1908 Ostwald accepted the views on corpuscular structure of matter.
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Unitarne i pluralistyczne teorie przyrodoznawstwa na przykładzie teorii chemicznych

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Mierzecki R.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2016
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vol. 25
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issue 2(49)
103-108
EN
Explanation of forming chemical compounds is based on two concepts contradicting each other: one of them stresses similarities of particular parts merging together in a single molecule, and the other shows their opposing properties. During subsequent periods in history, chemists were alternately in favour of one theory and then the other. In reality, parts of molecules are bound together both on the basis of their similarities and opposites. However, in each type of molecule share of these parts is different: from the smallest to absolutely predominant.
3
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Chemia w lwowskich uczelniach 1772-1945

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Mierzecki R.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2015
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vol. 24
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issue 1(46)
85-129
EN
The following text deals with the work of chemistry lecturers at consecutive Lviv universities and at the Technical University, during the years 1772-1945. Until 1872, 9 lecturers who had come from abroad gave lectures in German (in 1772 in Latin). From 1872, lectures in different branches of chemistry were given in Polish by 26 lecturers altogether. The text also discusses achievements of Lviv pharmacists: Teodor Torosiewicz, and especially Ignacy Łukasiewicz, who in 1853 isolated liquid paraffin from crude oil.
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