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Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej pt. „Niemieckie i sowieckie ustawodawstwo wobec Polaków i obywateli polskich 1939–1945”, Łódź, 21–22 maja 2018 roku

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Kobierecki M.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2019
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vol. 18
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issue 2
283-287
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Dzieje i obraz majętności charłupskiej w rękach Walewskich herbu Kolumna w drugiej połowie XVII i XVIII wieku na podstawie inwentarzy dóbr

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Kobierecki M.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2019
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vol. 18
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issue 2
85-117
EN
The villages of Charłupia Wielka, Rowy and Drzązny constituted the Charłupia Wielka estate, which lay in the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Until the 17th century it belonged to the house of Świnkowie, Malscy of the Nałęcz coat of arms and Zapolscy of the Pobóg coat of arms. As a result of marital contracts and legal lawsuits the lands came into the hands of Jan Franciszek Walewski, the pantler of Sieradz and his wife Bogumiła Konstancja of the Zapolscy family. In the 18th century the consecutive members of the Walewscy family of the Column coat of arms were the owners, namely Jan and Franciszek, the castellans of Rosprza as well as Jan Nepomucen, the Grand Standard Bearer of Sieradz. On the basis of the surviving inventories from the end of the 17th and from the 18th centuries one can follow the fortunes of Charłupia Wielka, Rowy and Drzązny. These domains, which thrived in the time of the Sieradz pantler, deteriorated at the beginning of the 18th century due to problems with creditors. The subsequent owners acquired the goods and undertook the repayment of liabilities. Throughout the century they invested in the properties, hence raising their value. Descriptions of the manor and land buildings show how much changed over the years. The manor became the seat of this Walewscy family line, and the variety of buildings showed that apart from farm work income, the owners drew financial gains from sheep farming and horse breeding. An important matter was also populating the goods, which underwent changes. Having overcome the crisis at the beginning of the 18th century, the number of dependent population increased, and so did the income from agricultural production. The fortunes of the Charłupia Wielka estate show how noble properties of the Sieradz Voivodeship tried to rise after the period of destruction of the Northern War as well as how the problem of debts and management was handled in different periods of economic situation.
PL
Wsie Charłupia Wielka, Rowy i Drzązny tworzyły majętność charłupską, która położona w województwie sieradzkim w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów należała do XVII w. do rodu Świnków, Malskich herbu Nałęcz i Zapolskich herbu Pobóg. Na skutek umów małżeńskich i procesów sądowych dobra te trafiły w ręce Jana Franciszka Walewskiego, stolnika sieradzkiego, i jego żony Konstancji Bogumiły z Zapolskich. W XVIII w. właścicielami dóbr byli kolejni przedstawiciele rodu Walewskich herbu Kolumna: kasztelanowie rozpierscy Jan i Franciszek oraz Jan Nepomucen, chorąży większy sieradzki. Na podstawie zachowanych inwentarzy z końca XVII i XVIII w. można śledzić losy Charłupi Wielkiej, Rowów i Drzązny. Dobra te, które przeżywały okres rozwoju za czasów stolnika sieradzkiego, podupadły na początku XVIII w. z powodu problemów z wierzycielami. Następni właściciele przejęli owe dobra w swoje ręce i podjęli się spłaty zobowiązań. Jednocześnie przez całe stulecie inwestowali w nie, podnosząc ich wartość. Opisy dworu i budynków towarzyszących wskazują, jak wiele zmieniało się na przestrzeni lat. Dwór stał się siedzibą tej gałęzi Walewskich, a różnorodność zabudowań świadczyła o tym, że właściciele oprócz dochodu z pracy na roli czerpali korzyści finansowe z hodowli owiec czy koni. Ważną kwestią było również zmienne zaludnienie dóbr. Od momentu przezwyciężenia kryzysu z początku XVIII w. liczba ludności zależnej wzrastała, a co za tym szło – rósł również dochód z produkcji rolnej. Losy majętności charłupskiej pokazują, w jaki sposób szlacheckie majątki położone na terenie województwa sieradzkiego starały się podnieść z okresu zniszczeń z czasów wojny północnej oraz jak radzono sobie z problemem ich zadłużenia i zarządzania w różnych okresach koniunktury gospodarczej.
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Noble estates and their owners in the Orłów county in the second half of the 18th century

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Kobierecki M.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2017
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vol. 16
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issue 3
117-136
PL
Powiat orłowski, należący do najmniejszych pod względem powierzchni w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, wchodził w skład województwa łęczyckiego. Miasta, wsie i inne nieruchomości istniejące w tym powiecie należały jedynie do szlachty i Kościoła katolickiego. Współcześni historycy badający własność owych dóbr w XVI i XVII stuleciu ustalili jednoznacznie, że na obszarze owego powiatu nie doszło do kumulacji i utworzenia kilkunastowioskowych bądź jeszcze większych majątków. Z drugiej strony właściciele dóbr szlacheckich nie byli zbyt zamożnymi w kraju, jak również w województwie. Sytuacja nie zmieniła się w następnym stuleciu, co potwierdzają wyniki badań rejestrami podymnego z 1775 r. i pogłównego z 1790 r., które objęły całe województwo łęczyckie. W tym czasie do najbogatszych należeli wojewoda łęczycki Szymon Dzierzbicki, posiadający miasto Bielawę i osiem wsi, czy wojewoda witebski Józef Sołłohub, właściciel miasta Żychlina oraz sześciu i części wsi. W 1790 r. największy majątek, liczący sześć wsi, należał do generała wojsk rosyjskich Jana Sołłohuba. To potwierdza, że na obszarze powiatu orłowskiego nie było majątków szlacheckich składających się z więcej niż 10 miejscowości. Dominowały majątki niewielkie, składające się z jednej, dwu bądź części wsi, należących w większości do ubogiej szlachty. W niektórych przypadkach wsie miały po dwóch–trzech właścicieli, a zdarzały się przypadki, że nawet 13. W ciągu 15 lat nie nastąpiła zdecydowana zmiana, ponieważ nie dokonał się proces scalania dóbr. Ta grupa właścicieli nie zmniejszyła się, a analiza liczby dymów we wsiach powiatu orłowskiego z 1790 r. wykazała, że spora część orłowskiej szlachty zajmowała się pracą na roli i była również zwolniona z płacenia podatków ze względu na zbyt mały majątek.
EN
The Orłów county, being one of the smallest in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was a part of the Łęczyca voivodship. The towns, villages and other real estate in this county belonged exclusively to the nobility and to the Catholic Church. The contemporary historians investigating the ownership of these properties in the 16th and 17th centuries unambiguously determined that the accumulation of properties and creation of large estates made up of a dozen or more villages did not occur in the said county. The owners of noble estates were not too wealthy, neither in the country nor in the voivodship. The situation did not change in the next century, as confirmed by the study into the records of the chimney tax in 1775 and the head tax in 1790, which covered the entire Łęczyca voivodship. At the time, the most affluent was the voivode of Łęczyca, Szymon Dzierzbicki, being in possession of the town of Bielawa and eight villages, as well as the voivode of Vitebsk, Józef Sołłohub, the owner of Żychlin, six full villages and a part. In 1790, the largest property, including six villages, belonged to the general of the Russian army, Jan Sołłohub. It confirms that no noble estate that would be composed of over ten towns existed in the Orłów county. The area was dominated by small estates, consisting of one or two villages, or their parts, which mainly belonged to the less affluent nobility. In some cases, a village was owned by two or three noblemen, but sometimes even by thirteen. Over the next 15 years, the situation has not changed significantly since the process of property consolidation did not take place. The group of landowners did not grow smaller, and the analysis of the number of chimneys in the villages of the Orłów county in 1790 indicated that a considerable part of the Orłów nobility was working the land and was also tax exempt for having small estate.  
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Chronologia sejmików i zjazdów szlachty województwa sieradzkiego w latach 1668–1696

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Kobierecki M.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2006
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vol. 5
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issue 2
5-28
EN
The presented list of the local diets (sejmiki) was based on the analysis of two sources, the city court books of Sieradz and the Pawiński Files Teki Pawińskiego. In the case of the first one I made use of a collection of accounts where lauda, local diets universals. protestations and confederation acts were included. In the case of Teki Pawińskiego there were the 19th century copies from the above mentioned city court books of Sieradz and Piotrkow that no longer exist. The collation allowed to prepare the chronology of Sieradz diets and to eliminate mistakes particularly as far as surnames are concerned. The records concerning local diets. including lauda, were included in city court books, which was to confirm the validity of acts and to constitute the source of knowledge about decisions taken before. In the case of the town of Sieradz both lauda and protestations as well as manifestations of political nature related to local diets were included in account books which was similar to the practice followed in Wielkopolska. The list does not comprise all the local diets that. took place during the reigns of two monarchs Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki and Jan III Sobieski as their lauda have not survived until the present. The local diets in the Sieradz voivodship were called by the monarch, in while the elective ones by the voivod or the castellan of Sieradz, who twice called the nobility to gather at local diets, in the years 1669 and 1671. Occasionally the local diets lauda locked the place or date of transcription or two different ones were stated. It also happened that the speaker of such a diet was not mentioned. Analysis of the names of the speakers and deputies shows that these functions were not monopolized by a small group of people. However, part of them were elected many a time to fulfil them.
5
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Adam Małachowski i listy do niego z lat 1724-1767 w zbiorach Ossolineum

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Kobierecki M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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2000
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issue 67
163-179
EN
Mr Adam Małachowski (about 1706-1767) is a characteristic representative of Saxonic period. He was an active member of Seym, advocate of liberum veto and wanted to preserve the rights and privileges of noblemen. Also, he was often elected to Seym, tribunals and deputations. Although he did not succeed in getting a senatorial seat, he was a remarkable figure in Parliament thanks to his relations with political parties and nobility in many provinces. Letters of many persons who wrote to him in different matters have been preserved to the present day. Most of the correspondence concerned political problems including the one with Mr Jan Klemens Branicki - the great royal hetman, Mr Jerzy Mniszech - the great royal major domo, Mr Tomasz Sołtyk - the voivode in Łęczyca and Mr Kajetan Sołtyk - the bishop in Kijów. These letters reflect Mr Malachowski’s connections with the political parties of Mr Branicki and Mr Mniszech as well as the mechanisms of mutual influence of magnate and a nobleman. A different type of correspondence are the letters from Mr A. Antoszewski, Mr Gordon - the superintendent of the Royal Treasury or Mr Wojciech Piastuszyński - the steward of an estate in Chwałowice. The main subject of these letters are the problem related to economy with political and regional information fairly often accompanying them. Political and family subjects are also to be found in the letters of Peter and Stanislaus Małachowscy - Adam’s sons. Besides abundant correspondence there are single letters or two and three written by one author. The main themes here are the requests for a candidate’s support to an office, different cases tried in tribunals or the requests for the future remembrance. Thanks to studies on Mr Adam Malachowski’s correspondence, we have far more information about the person himself as well as the role he played in the community of noblemen. We can assume that he was a close and valuable ally for magnates. For many people in the community of noblemen he was the man who could help somebody in getting promotion, he could give support for a given case tried in tribunals or just do another favour.
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Sejmiki szlachty sieradzkiej w Szadku w latach 1668-1695. Zestawienie chronologiczne

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Kobierecki M.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2014
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issue 14
113-133
EN
The presented list of the local diets (sejmiki) was based on the analysis of three sources, the city court books of Sieradz, the Pawiński Files Teki Pawińskiego and Pstrokoński Files Teki Pstrokońskiego. In the case of the first one I made use of a collection of accounts where lauda, local diets universals, protestations and confederation acts were included. In the case of Teki Pawińskiego and Teki Pstrokońskiego there were the 19th century copies from the above mentioned city court books of Sieradz and Piotrkow that no longer exist. The collation allowed to prepare the chronology of Sieradz diets and to eliminate mistakes particularly as far as surnames are concerned. The records concerning local diets, including lauda, were included in city court books, which was to confirm the validity of acts and to constitute the source of knowledge about decisions taken before. In the case of the town of Sieradz both lauda and protestations as well as manifestations of political nature related to local diets were included in account books ,which was similar to the practice followed in Wielkopolska. The list does not comprise all the local diets that took place during the reigns of two monarchs Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki and Jan III Sobieski as their lauda have not survived until the present. The local diets in the Sieradz voivodship were called by the monarch, while the elective ones by the voivod or the castellan of Sieradz, who twice called the nobility to gather at local diets. Occasionally the local diets lauda lacked the place or date of transcription or two different ones were stated.
7
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Dobra szlacheckie i ich właściciele w powiecie orłowskim w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku

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Kobierecki M.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2017
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vol. 16
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issue 2
119-138
EN
The Orłów county, being one of the smallest in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was a part of the Łęczyca voivodship. The towns, villages and other real estate in this county belonged exclusively to the nobility and to the Catholic Church. The contemporary historians investigating the ownership of these properties in the 16th and 17th centuries unambiguously determined that the accumulation of properties and creation of large estates made up of a dozen or more villages did not occur in the said county. The owners of noble estates were not too wealthy, neither in the country nor in the voivodship. The situation did not change in the next century, as confirmed by the study into the records of the chimney tax in 1775 and the head tax in 1790, which covered the entire Łęczyca voivodship. At the time, the most affluent was the voivode of Łęczyca, Szymon Dzierzbicki, being in possession of the town of Bielawa and eight villages, as well as the voivode of Vitebsk, Józef Sołłohub, the owner of Żychlin, six full villages and a part. In 1790, the largest property, including six villages, belonged to the general of the Russian army, Jan Sołłohub. It confirms that no noble estate that would be composed of over ten towns existed in the Orłów county. The area was dominated by small estates, consisting of one or two villages, or their parts, which mainly belonged to the less affluent nobility. In some cases, a village was owned by two or three noblemen, but sometimes even by thirteen. Over the next 15 years, the situation has not changed significantly since the process of property consolidation did not take place. The group of landowners did not grow smaller, and the analysis of the number of chimneys in the villages of the Orłów county in 1790 indicated that a considerable part of the Orłów nobility was working the land and was also tax exempt for having small estate.
PL
Powiat orłowski, należący do najmniejszych pod względem powierzchni w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, wchodził w skład województwa łęczyckiego. Miasta, wsie i inne nieruchomości istniejące w tym powiecie należały jedynie do szlachty i Kościoła katolickiego. Współcześni historycy badający własność owych dóbr w XVI i XVII stuleciu ustalili jednoznacznie, że na obszarze owego powiatu nie doszło do kumulacji i utworzenia kilkunastowioskowych bądź jeszcze większych majątków. Z drugiej strony właściciele dóbr szlacheckich nie byli zbyt zamożnymi w kraju, jak również w województwie. Sytuacja nie zmieniła się w następnym stuleciu, co potwierdzają wyniki badań rejestrami podymnego z 1775 r. i pogłównego z 1790 r., które objęły całe województwo łęczyckie. W tym czasie do najbogatszych należeli wojewoda łęczycki Szymon Dzierzbicki, posiadający miasto Bielawę i osiem wsi, czy wojewoda witebski Józef Sołłohub, właściciel miasta Żychlina oraz sześciu i części wsi. W 1790 r. największy majątek, liczący sześć wsi, należał do generała wojsk rosyjskich Jana Sołłohuba. To potwierdza, że na obszarze powiatu orłowskiego nie było majątków szlacheckich składających się z więcej niż 10 miejscowości. Dominowały majątki niewielkie, składające się z jednej, dwu bądź części wsi, należących w większości do ubogiej szlachty. W niektórych przypadkach wsie miały po dwóch–trzech właścicieli, a zdarzały się przypadki, że nawet 13. W ciągu 15 lat nie nastąpiła zdecydowana zmiana, ponieważ nie dokonał się proces scalania dóbr. Ta grupa właścicieli nie zmniejszyła się, a analiza liczby dymów we wsiach powiatu orłowskiego z 1790 r. wykazała, że spora część orłowskiej szlachty zajmowała się pracą na roli i była również zwolniona z płacenia podatków ze względu na zbyt mały majątek.
8
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Genealogia rodu Walewskich herbu Kolumna w XVII-XVIII w.

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Kobierecki M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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2001
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issue 72
107-132
EN
Recently several books have been published which deal with the history of the families of the Chodkiewicz, the Lanckorońscys from Brzeź, the Sapiehas, the Branickis or the Radziwiłłs. Family trees occupy the main place in these publications since for the well-known Polish families they were developed in the past and passed on from a generation to generation. However, the genealogy of noble families is difficult to be restored due to numerous difficulties as the information is largely dispersed. The Walewskis family of the emblem Kolumna have their own family archives collected and filed between 1897 and 1940 by Kazimierz Walewski in Tubądzin and it provides the documentation for the family tree. In 17th and 18th centuries the Walewskis accounted for 163 men and 165 women representing several family branches: in Walewice, Rusiec, Dziebędów, Charłupia Wielka, Rembieszew, Pstrykonie the Cracow and Wołyń branches and Alexander Walewski’s, the Warrant Officer 1st Clas of Piotrków. Nearly all of them were based in the area of the former region of Sieradz, on the border region of Łęczyca and Rawa (Walewice) and in the region of Cracow and in Wołyń. The Walewskis were proud of having 36 local civil servants including two Governors (Voivodes) of Łęczyca and Sieradz and many local higher rank officials - Senators (these were the most numerous) mostly in the areas of Spicymierz, Rozprza, Brzeziny, Inowłódz or Sieradz. Within two centuries they frequently occupied other position as chamberlains (five times), Warrant Officers (thirteen times), High Stewards (six times) or the positions in local courts as High Sheriffs or country judges (three times). As far as the assets are concerned the Walewskis could not be found among magnates but the real estates they owned allowed them to be politically active and gain prestige in their local communities. When we analyse the family links of the Walewskis emblem Kolumna, they usually did not enter into relationships with famous families of the Republic of Poland, except some occasions like the Koniecpolskis, the Lanckorońskis and the Lubomirskis, but with the representatives of medium or lower class nobles who inhabited the region of Sieradz and its neighbourhood.
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Aktywność parlamentarzystów rawskich na sejmach za panowania Wazów w latach 1587–1668

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Kobierecki M.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2006
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vol. 5
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issue 1
75-107
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