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PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie zmian cen transakcyjnych w polskim handlu zagranicznym w latach 2005-2012. Dane zaprezentowane w tekście wskazują, że w badanych latach nastąpił bardzo wyraźny wzrost wartości obrotów towarowych Polski z zagranicą. Wartość eksportu wzrastał a przeciętnie o 10,5% rocznie, a wartość importu o 9% rocznie. Wzrost ten był efektem w większym stopniu wzrostu rozmiarów fizycznych naszych obrotów towarowych, ponieważ kolejne dane wskazują , że ceny transakcyjne w polskim eksporcie rosły średnio o 3% rocznie, natomiast w imporcie o 3,1% rocznie. Terms of trade pokazuje raczej niekorzystne tendencje cenowe w handlu Polski z zagranicą. Ceny dóbr eksportowanych rosły w tym czasie wolniej niż ceny dóbr importowanych przez nasz kraj.
EN
The main purpose of this paper is the presentation of the changes of the prices in Polish turnovers in years 2005-2012. The data shows the dynamic growth in the value of Polish foreign trade. The average growth of the value in exportation was 10,5% per year, in importation: 9% per year. This growth was rather the effect of the increasing volume but growing prices because the other data presented in this paper indicate that the average growth of the prices in Polish exportation was 3% per year, in importation: 3,1% per year. Terms of trade shows generally the unfavorable trends. The prices in exportation were growing slower than in importation.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie struktury polskiego eksportu produktów przemysłowych oraz nakładów na B+R. Dane zamieszczone w tekście wskazują, że struktury te są bardzo zbliżone. W eksporcie dominują pojazdy samochodowe oraz maszyny i urządzenia. Również w tych branżach przedsiębiorstwa wydają największe kwoty na badania naukowe i rozwój. Może to świadczyć o istnieniu pewnego sprzężenia zwrotnego pomiędzy wynikami eksportu a wydatkami na B+R bowiem wpływy z eksportu umożliwiają finansowanie B+R, a innowacje wprowadzane dzięki nim ułatwiają ekspansję na zagraniczne rynki. Pomimo zwiększania wydatków na ten cel, Polska jest jednak daleko za czołówką europejską: innowacje produktowe lub procesowe wprowadziło w latach 2008-2010 około 18-20% polskich firm, w najlepszych pod tym względem Niemczech około 65%.
EN
The purpose of this article is displaying the structure of the Polish industrial products and the internal expenditure for R+D. The data in this text indicate that these structures are similar. The main groups in Polish export are: automotive products and machines. Also the expenditure for R+D are the highest in these kinds of the activity. It may point to existing the feedback effect between the results of exports and the expenditure for R+D. The export receipts afford possibilities for the financing the research and developing activity, and the innovations facilitate the expansion on foreign markets. Unfortunately, in spite of increasing the expenditure for R+D, Poland is far behind European leaders: in years 2008-2010, the product or processing innovations were implemented in 18-20% of Polish enterprises, whereas in Germany in 65% firms.
EN
The aims of this article are the analysis of the structure of Poland's trade with Germany, the position of Germany as the supplier and the customer of Poland, and the revealed comparative advantage in turnovers with the most important trade partner of our country. The analysis refers to the period 1995-2011. The data presented in the paper indicate that the share of the Germany in Polish export and import decreased in researched period. But Germany is still the most important Poland's trade partner. The main subjects of our trade are: machinery and different equipment, transport equipment and chemicals. The calculations (RCA and CRCA) indicate that Polish trade with Germany is not necessarily in accordance with the revealed comparative advantage. For example: the biggest part of Polish export to Germany are machinery and different equipment but the value of CRCA in this case is below zero (it means: unfavourable).
EN
The purpose of this paper is analysis of the changes in Poland's foreign trade between 2006 and 2010. The euro-area countries are the most important Polish trade partners. The main effect of the financial crisis in this area (which has appeared in 2008) was decreasing of the GDP growth rate in all member countries of the UE. Polish foreign trade turnovers also decreased in 2009: exports about 20%, imports about 30% (comparing to previous year). The analysis indicates that mentioned crises didn't change the structure of our exports and imports but generally the value of our turnovers significantly decreased. In researched years the geographical directions of Polish foreign trade has changed a bit, because the share of China has increased. But basing on the data in this paper, it is not possible to ascertain that it is the effect of the crises in euro-area
EN
The paper aims to discuss the changes in Poland's foreign trade with Germany between 1995 and 2010. It also attempts to analyze the level of import penetration rate of the Polish market by German goods. The data quoted in the paper indicate that Germany are our main supplier of the commodities. In researched period, share of this country in Polish imports and exports maintains at the similar level 25-30%. Generally, about 11% Poland's total demand for the industrial products in 2010 was supplied with commodities imported from Germany. The most important goods imported from this country are: transport equipment, machinery, chemicals, basic metals and fabricated metal products. Also the import penetration rate is the highest for these groups of products (transport equipment - 24,5%, machinery - 18,5%, chemicals - 20,1%).The high import penetration rate seems to be correlated with the share of a particular commodity group in imports from Germany. Value of this rate can be in 64% explained by the share of the commodity group in the Poland's imports from the researched country.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony został zmianom, jakie nastąpiły w kierunkach polskiego handlu zagranicznego po przystąpieniu do Unii Europejskiej. Analizie poddano obroty towarowe ogółem oraz w podziale na rodzaje produktów według klasyfikacji SITC. Szczególną uwagę skoncentrowano na udziale w tym handlu obrotów wewnątrzwspólnotowych. Wyniki badań przeprowadzonych dla lat 2004-2013 pokazują, że udział państw członkowskich (głównie za sprawą „starych” krajów) w polskim handlu zagranicznym wyraźnie się zmniejszył i wydaje się, że taka tendencja jest trwała. Było to również zjawisko charakterystyczne dla obrotów właściwie wszystkimi rodzajami produktów, a szczególnie tymi, które stanowią większość polskiego handlu zagranicznego: maszynami i sprzętem transportowym, chemikaliami i innymi wyrobami przemysłowymi.
EN
The aim of this paper is the analysis of the trends in Polish foreign trade after joining the EU. The subject of the research are: the total turnovers, their geographical directions and the commodity structure by SITC. A special issue is related to the share of the intra-trade in Polish total foreign trade. The results of the research, conducted for the period 2004-2013, show that the share of the European Union’s countries (especially “old” ones) in Polish turnovers was apparently reduced. It seems this trend was permanent and characteristic for exports and imports of all type of the commodities, particularly for the products which were the main part of the Polish foreign trade: machines, transport equipment, chemicals and other industry goods.
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