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EN
Research on royal courts in the Late Middle Ages in Poland has a relatively short tradition. Polish medievalists studying the period of the Late Middle Ages have been from the very beginning concentrated, first and foremost, on discussing the genealogy of successive magnate families, politics of monarchs in relation to lands and royal subjects they managed, problems of agricultural and economic nature in the Polish state at that time, matters of church and monasteries and, most of all, wars and broadly understood political sphere. It should be noted here that the political, cultural and court related problems were most often situated at the margins of their interests. Naturally, this does not mean that these issues have not been studied as a number of works has been written by i.e. Aleksander Gieysztor, Małgorzata Wilska – which showed to a wider group of historians how important it was to study the cultural and social issues, and what a significant role they played in the context of political history – but they, however, still leave a certain deficiency in this area of research.
EN
The ladies’ court of the queen in late medieval Poland was less numerous and as such less important than the king’s court. It differed from the latter also in the existence of the so-called fraucymer, that is the courtly entourage of women who supported the queen in her official duties and private life, cared for her good mood and comfort, provided her entertainment as well as advice and guidance on cosmetics, robes and jewelry when needed. The term is derived from the German word, but it is not known whether it was used also in Poland in the fifteenth century. Surely, some of the women were personally chosen by the queen, being her friends, companions, confidantes and advisors in difficult decisions. The household of the court included maid servants, i.e. ladies-in-waiting, matrons - highly respected married women or widows with established social standing, and female servants supervised by a housekeeper.
PL
Problem liczebności osób na dworach polskich władców zajmuje historyków od dawna. Kwestią do rozstrzygnięcia jest zarówno sama definicja dworu, osób, które do niego zaliczymy a także metoda, dzięki której chcemy przeprowadzić tego typu wyliczenia. Problemem, z którym muszą się zmagać badacze to także ilość zachowanych źródeł. Prezentowany tekst stara się ukazać zmagania badaczy na tym polu, ich wyniki oraz zastosowane metody, które te rezultaty przyniosły.
PL
Hinczka of Rakoszowice, Działosza Coats of Arms came from the Silesian lesser nobility. His assets were located near Środa Śląska. Probably thanks to the influences of the Duke of opole. Vladislaus, a former lieutenant of the Kingdom of Poland, Hinczka and his relatives bought assets in the Mieluń area which, at that time, belonged to the abovementioned duke. The first documented purchase in that area was a village Szyszków, however Hinczka might have earlier incorporated a village called Działoszyn. He might have also used that name as the basis for the new name of his coats of arms as he was known as Salisz in Silesia. He was the founder of a new line of Działoszowie in the Kingdom of Poland. At the end of the 15th century, his both names were used interchangeably in Silesia.Hinczka was a loyal subject of the Duke of Opole Vladislaus. He remained at his sideeven when the Duke’s plan to take over the Polish throne failed. When the Polish nobility sent a delegation to its candidate to the throne in Cracow, the Duke of Lithuania, Hinczka represented the Duke of Opole. It proves that Vladislaus II of Opole trusted him. However, it also shows that the Silesian nobleman understood that the time of his protector was coming to an end and was looking for new supporters among the Polish noblemen. Thanks to his efficient policy, after the Duke of Opole was ousted, Hinczka found himself in the sphere of the influences of Vladislaus Jagiello to whom he owed his career on the Polish court. His sons also started their careers on the king’s court, and the middle son, Jan Hincza achieved a high status in the Crown. By his actions, diplomacy, and the ability to withdraw from the influence of the Duke of Opole at the right moment and by moving under the protection of the Polish king, Hinkcza opened a door to career for himself as well as his family.
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