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PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na prawa i wolności obywateli w świetle idei wprowadzania „miast 15-minutowych”. Idea ta wskazywana jest w rezolucji ONZ z 2015 r., zwaną Agendą 2030. Miasta 15-minutowe, określane są jako smart city lub miasta kompaktowe. W ramach programu „Horyzont Europa” wybrano 100 miast jako eksperymentalnych w dążeniu do stworzenia do 2030 r. miast inteligentnych, w tym: Wrocław, Warszawa, Łódź, Rzeszów i Kraków. Założeniem smart city jest by każdy mieszkaniec miał dostęp do podstawowych potrzeb życiowych w odległości 15 minut od domu. Realizując powyższe wytworzył się też nowy nurt urbanistyczny w miastach. Na tle tych rozważań podjęta została próba oceny czy zmiany związane z wprowadzaniem miast 15-minutowych nie wpłyną na ograniczanie praw i wolności człowieka i obywatela.
EN
The aim of the article is to draw attention to the rights and freedoms of citizens in the light of the idea of introducing “15-minute cities”. This idea is indicated in the UN resolution of 2015, called the 2030 Agenda. 15-minute cities are referred to as smart cities or compact cities. Under the “Horizon Europe” program, 100 cities were selected as experimental cities in the pursuit of creating smart cities by 2030, including: Wrocław, Warsaw, Łódź, Rzeszów and Kraków. The assumption of the smart city is that every resident should have access to basic life needs within 15 minutes of home. By implementing the above, a new urban planning trend in cities was also created. On the basis of these considerations, an attempt was made to assess whether the changes related to the introduction of 15-minute cities will not limit the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.
EN
The aim of the article is to draw attention to the basic issues related to the functioning of the newly created State Protection Service in place of the Government Security Bureau that had been operating so far. The reasons for creating a new formation, which were included in the explanatory memorandum of the bill, were also presented. The attention was paid to the powers to conduct operational and reconnaissance actions, which were granted to the new formation. In addition, it was mentioned that the regulations allowing for the termination of the official relations of the officers and employees of the Government Protection Bureau had been adopted if they had not received an offer of further service or work.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na podstawowe zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem nowo utworzonej Służby Ochrony Państwa w miejsce dotychczas działającego Biura Ochrony Rządu. Przedstawione zostały przyczyny utworzenia nowej formacji, zawarte w uzasadnieniu do projektu ustawy. Zwrócono uwagę na przyznanie nowej formacji uprawnień do prowadzenia czynności operacyjno-rozpoznawczych. Ponadto wspomniano o przyjęciu unormowań pozwalających na wygaśnięcie stosunków służbowych funkcjonariuszy i pracowników BOR w przypadku, gdy nie otrzymali oni propozycji dalszej służby lub pracy.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmian wprowadzonych do ustawy - Prawo o zgromadzeniach ustawą uchwaloną 13 grudnia 2016 r. i określenie nimi nowego rodzaju zgromadzeń, tj. zgromadzeń publicznych. Już projekt ustawy zmieniającej spotkał się z niekorzystnymi opiniami Sądu Najwyższego i Helsińskiej Fundacji Praw Człowieka, które oczywiście nie zostały wzięte pod uwagę. Ustawa uchwalona w bardzo szybkim tempie została również zakwestionowana przez Prezydenta RP, który wystąpił do Trybunału Konstytucyjnego o stwierdzenie zgodności jej przepisów z Konstytucją. Trybunał uznał jednakże zgodność nowych przepisów z Konstytucją. Przedstawienie pokrótce różnic między tzw. zgromadzeniami zwykłymi a zgromadzeniami cyklicznymi oraz procedury związanej z ich organizacją pozwoli na postawienie tezy o wprowadzenie rozwiązań zwiększających niepewność prawa, naruszeniu zasady równości oraz przyznanie wojewodzie szerokich uprawnień dyskrecjonalnych przy wydawaniu decyzji zezwalających na organizacje zgromadzeń cyklicznych. Potwierdzeniem tego będzie też wskazanie na pierwsze decyzje wojewody zezwalające na zorganizowanie zgromadzeń cyklicznych.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present the amendments introduced to the Act - the Law on Assemblies by the Act adopted on December 13, 2016 and to define a new type of assemblies, i.e. public assemblies. Already the draftamending law has met with unfavorable opinions of the Supreme Court and the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, which, of course, have not been taken into account. The Act adopted at a very fast pace was also challenged by the President of the Republic of Poland, who appealed to the Constitutional Tribunal to adjudicate on the compliance of its provisions with the Constitution. However, the Tribunal recognised the constitutionality of the new provisions. Briefly presenting the differences between the so-called ordinary assemblies and cyclical assemblies and the procedure related to their organization will allow to put forward the thesis about the introduction of solutions increasing legal uncertainty, violation of the principle of equality and granting the voivode broad discretion when issuing decisions allowing the organization of cyclical assemblies. This will also be confirmed by the indication of the first decisions of the voivode allowing the organization of cyclical assemblies.
EN
On March 1, 2017, acts reforming the customs and tax administration system came into force. They introduced not only changes in the system of organs and organizational structure of this administration, but also significantly influenced the legal status of Customs Service officers. Not all officers were offered further service in the newly created customs and tax administration. Some of them received offers of employment in positions of civil part — in general has not been employed for a further period. In both cases, the relationship was terminated, which in the light of the adopted statutory solutions is treated as an exemption from service. A very large group of officers filed appeals to administrative courts, some of them — also to common courts. Against the background of the provisions formulated in such a way, the question arises: whether the change of the legal status of the Customs Service officer from the administrative and legal relation to the contractual relation made by the director of the customs chamber as part of the powers entrusted to him, is in line with the rule of law. The answer to this question will ultimately be given by the courts. The study will, however, present general observations regarding the existing situation.
EN
The aim of this article is to present legal solutions showing the legal position and basic functions of a voivode, taking into account the definition of his constitutional position in the period from the Second Republic of Poland to the present. This is an organ of government administration that has appeared in the system of administrative bodies since the interwar period, with the exception of the years 1950–1973. This interval was the result of the solutions adopted in the Act of 20 March 1950 on local organs of uniform state authority. The competences of voivodes were then assumed by the presidencies of the voivodeship national councils as the executive and managing bodies of these councils. It was not until the amendment of the Constitution on 22 November 1973 and the enactment on the same day of the Act amending the Act on National Councils that new regulations were introduced, whereby collegial bodies at the voivodeship and poviat levels (presidia) were replaced with monocratic bodies. The solutions adopted in 1999 clearly refer to the interwar solutions, rendering the voivode both the representative of the Council of Ministers in the voivodeship and granting them many competences as a result, as well as the head of the combined government administration in the voivodeship. Recent years and changes in legislation (not least in the Act on the Voivode and Government Administration in the Voivodeship) have significantly strengthened the voivode’s position as a political body. The adopted solutions have clearly subordinated the voivode to the Prime Minister in both the official and personal sphere. The Prime Minister directs the activity of the voivode, issuing guidelines and orders in this respect, demanding the submission of reports on the activity of the voivode and conducting a periodic evaluation of their work, in addition to supervising the activity of the voivode based on the criterion of the compliance of his/her actions with the policy of the Council of Ministers.
EN
Social services related to activities aimed at meeting the basic needs of society are an important factor activating local communities. Commune self-governments undertook such projects on the basis of general provisions of the Act on Public Finance and commune self-government. On January 1, 2020, the Act on the provision of social services by social service centers, adopted on July 19, 2019, entered into force, specifying the scope of social services, the method of creating social service centers and their organizational structure. The study presents the basic issues concerning the definition of social services in the doctrine and in the aforementioned Act, and moreover, attention was paid to the method of establishing centers provided for by law: either as new organizational units of the commune or transforming the existing social welfare centers. Tasks in the field of social services were defined as own, non-obligatory tasks, therefore communes were left to assess the need to create such centers. The organizational structure of the center is also briefly presented, with attention being paid to the legal position of the director of the social services center.
PL
Usługi społeczne związane z czynnościami mającymi na celu zaspokajanie podstawowych potrzeb społeczeństwa są istotnym czynnikiem aktywizującym społeczności lokalne. Samorządy gminne podejmowały takie przedsięwzięcia na podstawie ogólnych przepisów ustawy o finansach publicznych i samorządzie gminnym. Z dniem 1 stycznia 2020 r. weszła w życie uchwalona w dniu 19 lipca 2019 r. ustawa o realizowaniu usług społecznych przez centra usług społecznych, określająca zakres usług społecznych, sposób tworzenia centrów usług społecznych i ich strukturę organizacyjną. W opracowaniu przedstawione zostały podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące określenia usług społecznych w doktrynie oraz w wyżej wspomnianej ustawie, a ponadto zwrócona została uwaga na przewidziany prawem sposób tworzenia centrów: bądź jako nowych jednostek organizacyjnych gminy, bądź przekształcanie dotychczasowych ośrodków pomocy społecznej. Zadania w zakresie usług społecznych określono jako zadania własne o charakterze nieobowiązkowym, stąd gminom pozostawiono ocenę potrzeby tworzenia takich centrów. Przedstawiona została też krótko struktura organizacyjna centrum, ze zwróceniem uwagi na pozycję prawną dyrektora centrum usług społecznych.
PL
The paper presents the multiformity of public administration in crisis management from the subjective and material points of view. The provisions contained in the Act of 26 April 2007 on crisis management were analyzed. The act implies that the authorities of the general government and the local government at the level of the municipality and the district also are the crisis management authorities, and together with the subsidiary bodies create a specific system of public administration in this area. At the same time, it was pointed out that the statutory system of organs was incomplete, because in the crisis situations, specialist services (Police, State F ire Brigade, Army) and non-governmental organizations play a vital role. This multidimensionality allows distinguishing two groups of entities in crisis management: crisis management bodies and entities that perform tasks in crisis situations. In addition, the multiform nature of public administration in crisis management is evident in the presentation of this management in a material way: action preparation, civilian planning, risk prevention, fighting, reintegration.
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