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1

THE WORD 'YEN' AND WHAT SURROUNDS IT (PART II)

100%
Senga T.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2005
|
vol. 101
|
issue 3
304-312
EN
In 1871, the Japanese government introduced a new currency whose name has ever since been represented as yen in most languages spelt in the Latin alphabet, even though the name of the currency is pronounced (en) in Japanese. The sound value of the Chinese character (kanji) respectively of the kana symbols, used to be (wen) that subsequently changed into (jen) in the Kamakura period, and then in the Endo period, sometime in the 18th century, into (en). Thus, there is no obvious linguistic reason why in the late nineteenth century (and ever since) the name of the currency should be transliterated as yen. However, the language manuals and dictionaries published in those days retained ye-type transliterations of a-, ya- or wa-line syllables with an -e nucleus - whose phonemic value was, and is, uniformly /e/ -, with special regard to the 1867 first edition of James Curtis Hepburn's Japanese–English dictionary in which e-initial Japanese words do not figure at all, such items being represented as ye-initial. For chronological reasons, the word denoting the new currency does not occur in that dictionary, although the system of transliteration employed by Hepburn allows one to reconstruct the spelling yen, a form that does actually occur as an entry in the second edition of 1872. In the third edition of 1886, following the transcription system elaborated in 1885 by 'Romajikai' (Romanisation Club), all ye-initial words were written as e-initial, except that both en and yen occur as separate entries, though Hepburn himself exceptionally preferred yen over en. On Japanese banknotes, yen made it début in 1872, in an English environment (hundred yen, two yen, etc.). The shape - considered as an English form - is acceptable; yet it is difficult to understand why the Bank of Japan (Nippon Ginko) persists in using the Latin-letter inscription e.g. NIPPON GINKO 5000 YEN on the banknotes it issues.
2

THE WORD FORMS 'GEISHA' AND 'GÉSA' AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE (PART I)

100%
Senga T.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2006
|
vol. 102
|
issue 2
176-185
EN
The word 'geisha' is represented in Japanese by two Chinese characters or by four kana symbols: ge + i + shi + ya. That word, adopted in a number of European languages as a Japanese loanword, is in general rendered as geisha (as in the modified Hepburn system, or 'Hyojunshiki') or something similar in most languages, as opposed to Hungarian where it is represented by only four letters as gésa. - In Japanese, the spoken form of what is represented by a kana symbol involving -e followed by the kana symbol for i when a Chinese character is transcribed into kana symbols (jion kanazukai) turned into a syllable whose nucleus is a long -e several centuries ago. In the Meiji period, the idea occurred to some spelling reformers that kana symbols involving -e should not be followed by the kana symbol i (e + i, ge + i, me + i, etc.) but rather by a straight line (e-, ge-, me-, etc.). Likewise, some people working on the Romanization of Japanese words suggested that -ei should be replaced by -e. However, the spelling reform was soon discomfited and until 1946 everything remained roughly as it had been; even after that date, the kana representation -e + i and ei-type transcription both survived as exceptions, to the present day. -In the mid-nineteenth century when (mainly English-speaking) Europeans and Americans came to know geishas, the word referring to them was committed to paper as geisha, reflecting the kana spelling pronunciation. In Hungarian, where the word may have been transmitted by German and English, after a short period of vacillation among geisa, gejsa and gésa, the last-mentioned form came to be generally used since the end of the nineteenth century, due to a Hungarian-internal phonological development. By mere coincidence, this traditional Hungarian form reflects the current Japanese pronunciation more faithfully than geisa, a potentially regular but non-accepted Hungarian transcription would.
3

THE WORD FORMS 'GEISHA' AND 'GÉSA' AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE [PART II.]

100%
Senga T.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2006
|
vol. 102
|
issue 3
299-307
EN
The word 'geisha' is represented in Japanese by two Chinese characters or by four kana symbols: ge + i + shi + ya. That word, adopted in a number of European languages as a Japanese loanword, is in general rendered as geisha (as in the modified Hepburn system, or 'Hyojunshiki') or something similar in most languages, as opposed to Hungarian where it is represented by only four letters as gésa. - In Japanese, the spoken form of what is represented by a kana symbol involving -e followed by the kana symbol for 'i' when a Chinese character is transcribed into kana symbols (jion kanazukai) turned into a syllable whose nucleus is a long -e several centuries ago. In the Meiji period, the idea occurred to some spelling reformers that kana symbols involving -e should not be followed by the kana symbol i (e + i, ge + i, me + i, etc.) but rather by a straight line (e-, ge-, me- etc.). Likewise, some people working on the Romanization of Japanese words suggested that -ei should be replaced by -e. However, the spelling reform was soon discomfited and until 1946 everything remained roughly as it had been; even after that date, the kana representation -e + i and ei-type transcription both survived as exceptions, to the present day. – In the mid-nineteenth century when (mainly English-speaking) Europeans and Americans came to know geishas, the word referring to them was committed to paper as geisha, reflecting the kana spelling pronunciation. In Hungarian, where the word may have been transmitted by German and English, after a short period of vacillation among geisa, gejsa and gésa, the last-mentioned form came to be generally used since the end of the nineteenth century, due to a Hungarian-internal phonological development. By mere coincidence, this traditional Hungarian form reflects the current Japanese pronunciation more faithfully than geisa, a potentially regular but non-accepted Hungarian transcription would.
4

THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD 'BONZE' AND WHAT SURROUNDS IT IN THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE

100%
Senga T.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2008
|
vol. 104
|
issue 3
316-333
EN
The word stocks of most European languages include a word meaning 'Buddhist priest' that is regarded as a direct or indirect borrowing from Portuguese (Spanish, Italian) 'bonzo'. The lexeme has been adopted into Hungarian in the form 'bonc'. With respect to its etymology, several views have been put forward in the relevant dictionaries. Potential sources include the following Japanese words: 'bonzo ~ bonso' (a common priest, an ignorant priest), 'bonso' (a Buddhist priest, an Indian priest), and 'bozu' (a Buddhist priest). Although semantically it is the third item - having several other meanings as well - that comes closest to Portuguese 'bonzo', in terms of their form, the first, and perhaps even the second, items could also be taken into consideration. However, the first two words have been rather infrequent in comparison with the third - that was originally coined in Japan, rather than in China - ever since the 17th century. This word, involving a long nuclear -o-, is included in a monumental Japanese-Portuguese dictionary (1603) in the form 'Bozu' as a headword, following the Portuguese-style transcription of the day, but in the Portuguese definitions, it occurs several times as 'Bonzo (Bozo)'. On the basis of the Portuguese spelling, it cannot be determined which of the two existing forms of pronunciation 'bonzo' approximates, as both were in use in the 17th century This paper tries to clarify certain issues with respect to the history of this item, with particular emphasis on written documents and the historical phonology of Japanese.
5

THE WORD 'YEN' AND WHAT SURROUNDS IT (PART I)

100%
Senga T.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2005
|
vol. 101
|
issue 2
202-212
EN
In 1871, the Japanese government introduced a new currency whose name has ever since been represented as yen in most languages spelt in the Latin alphabet, even though the name of the currency is pronounced (en) in Japanese. The sound value of the Chinese character (kanji), respectively of the kana symbols, used to be (wen) that subsequently changed into (jen) in the Kamakura period, and then in the Endo period, sometime in the 18th century, into (en). Thus, there is no obvious linguistic reason why in the late nineteenth century (and ever since) the name of the currency should be transliterated as yen. However, the language manuals and dictionaries published in those days retained ye-type transliterations of a-, ya- or wa-line syllables with an -e nucleus - whose phonemic value was, and is, uniformly /e/ -, with special regard to the 1867 first edition of James Curtis Hepburn's Japanese-English dictionary in which e-initial Japanese words do not figure at all, such items being represented as ye-initial. For chronological reasons, the word denoting the new currency does not occur in that dictionary, although the system of transliteration employed by Hepburn allows one to reconstruct the spelling yen, a form that does actually occur as an entry in the second edition of 1872. In the third edition of 1886, following the transcription system elaborated in 1885 by 'Romajikai' (Romanisation Club), all ye-initial words were written as e-initial, except that both en and yen occur as separate entries, though Hepburn himself exceptionally preferred yen over en. On Japanese banknotes, yen made it début in 1872, in an English environment (hundred yen, two yen, etc.). The shape - considered as an English form - is acceptable; yet it is difficult to understand why the Bank of Japan (Nippon Ginko) persists in using the Latin-letter inscription e.g. NIPPON GINKO 5000 YEN on the banknotes it issues.
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