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Ekonomiczny kontekst problemu społecznego — przypadek prekariatu Development trends, asymmetries and impact factors of youth employment in Ukraine

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Kryńska E.
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
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2017
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issue 36(1)
13-26
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania są społeczne i ekonomiczne (z położeniem nacisku na ten ostatni) warunki istnienia prekariatu — jednej z siedmiu grup społecznych wyodrębnio-nych przez Guya Standinga. Opracowanie składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej z nich dokonano próby oszacowania liczebności zbiorowości zaliczanej do prekariatu na polskim rynku pracy. W części drugiej przedstawiono społeczne i polityczne skutki istnienia prekariatu. W trzeciej zaś omówiono przyczyny i okoliczności powstania i utrwalania się prekariatu na rynku pracy. Opracowanie zamykają konkluzje zawierające trzy podstawowe wnioski dotyczące skali prekariatu na współczesnych rynkach pracy, jego uwarunkowań ekonomicznych oraz dającej się przewidzieć przyszłości. Zwrócono tam uwagę na to, że w zbiorowości tworzącej prekariat mogą się znaleźć także osoby, którym taka pozycja na rynku pracy w pełni odpowiada.
EN
The paper discusses social and economic dimensions of the precariat (focusing mainly on the latter) — one out of seven social groups distinguished by Guy Standing. The paper consists of three sections. In the first one is an attempt to estimate the number of persons classified as the precariat on the Polish labour market was made. The second part presents social and political consequences of the precariat. The third part discusses causes and circumstances of the emergence and embedment of the precariat on the labour market. The paper sums up with three main conclusions on the scale of the precariat on the con- temporary labour markets, its economic determinants and possible future developments. It was also pointed out that within the precariat there are persons who accept and feel well to be in such a position on the labour market.
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Delokalizacja miejsc pracy w globalnej gospodarce

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Kryńska E.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2015
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vol. XCVII
259-271
PL
Globalna gospodarka ewoluuje w sposób ciągły. Pod wpływem splotu zmian licznych uwarunkowań zmieniają się rynki. Jednym z rynków podlegających współcześnie istotnym zmianom jest rynek pracy. Celem opracowania jest identyfikacja najważniejszych przekształceń dokonujących się na jego stronie popytowej. Ich szczególnym przejawem jest delokalizacja miejsc pracy obserwowana w przestrzeni światowej, kontynentalnej, a także krajowej. Analiza jej uwarunkowań, kierunków i skali służy osiągnięciu celu opracowania.
EN
The global economy has been evolving continuously. Coincidence of numerous and different determinants leads to changes on the markets. The labour market is one of the markets that has been undergoing significant changes. The aim of the paper is to identify the most important transformations taking place on the demand side of the labour market. The relocation of jobs on a global, continental and national levels is a particular aspect of these transformations. Analysis of conditions, directions and scale of this relocation is a main focus of the paper.
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INFLUENCE OF THE 500+ PROGRAMME ON THE POLISH LABOUR MARKET. WHAT IS, WHAT WILL BE AND WHAT TO EXPECT…

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Kryńska E.
Polityka Społeczna
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2017
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vol. 44
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issue 1(13) CHILD BENEFIT PROGRAMME 500+ OUTCOMES AND OUTPUTS
31–36
EN
The aim of this paper is to identify the likely impact of one of the family policy instruments in Poland, the “Fam­ily 500+” programme. The analyses were focused on the supply side of the labour market. The demand side, without neglecting it, was treated as one of the determinants of labour supply. As we are still lacking in reliable research, as far as comprehensive research in this area is concerned, the analysis is based on the knowledge contained in the source literature and the research experience of the author. The article presents elements of family policy in Poland, factors determining the number of labour resources and their professional activity, the programme “Family 500+” and its influence on the Polish labour market in the short term, as well as the probable impact in the medium term.
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SREBRNY RYNEK PRACY, CZYLI O SPOSOBACH PODTRZYMYWANIA I PRZYWRACANIA AKTYWNOŚCI ZAWODOWEJ STARZEJĄCYCH SIĘ ZASOBÓW PRACY

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Kryńska E.
Polityka Społeczna
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2015
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vol. 42
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issue 7(496)
10-16
EN
One of the main problems of the Pol­ish labour market, that has strongly emerged already and will be more and more important in the future, is aging of the labour force. The aim of this paper is to identify areas in which older people are treated disadvantageously on the labour market, and to indicate the potential ways of maintaining and restoring their labour market participation. The paper discusses the concept of “elderly person” on the labour market; situation of the elderly on the Polish labour market; instruments aimed at maintaining and restoring labour market participation of the elderly in Poland and the other EU countries. The conclusions emphasise some of the advantages of “the silver labour market” and identifies pathways of increasing labour market participation of the elderly that may be rec­om­mended for Poland.
PL
Jednym z najistotniejszych problemów polskiego rynku pracy – mocno zarysowującym się już dziś i z tendencją do pogłębiania w dającej się przewidzieć przyszłości – będzie starzenie się zasobów pracy. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja obszarów defaworyzacji osób starszych na rynku pracy oraz wskazanie potencjalnych sposobów podtrzymania i przywracania ich aktywności zawodowej. W opracowaniu omówiono pojęcie „osoby starszej” na rynku pracy, sytuację osób starszych na polskim rynku pracy, wykorzystywane w Polsce instrumenty utrzymania bądź przywracania aktywności zawodowej osób starszych oraz rozwiązania stosowane w tym zakresie w pozostałych krajach Unii Europejskiej. W konkluzjach podkreślono niektóre walory „srebrnego rynku pracy” oraz wskazano zalecane dla Pol­ski ścieżki aktywiz­cji zawodowej osób starszych.
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The Faces of Contemporary Labour Market Segmentation

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Kryńska E.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
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2017
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vol. 12
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issue 2
137-149
EN
This article discusses the segments of contemporary labour markets and identifies the causes of evolution and the present-day manifestations and mechanisms of segmentation. To this end, changes occurring in the world today and the progress of research into labour market phenomena over the last 25 years are analysed. The article also provides an insight into the various types of labour market segmentation that underlie its functioning, i.e. competition-driven segmentation, informational segmentation, network-based segmentation and behavioural segmentation. The theoretical underpinning of the article is the concept of a dual labour market made up of a primary market and a secondary market. The analysis offers two main conclusions. Firstly, the labour market segmentation that we observe today causes an expansion of its secondary segment. Secondly, to identify the contemporary face of labour market segmentation, many extensive studies of the institutional, economic, social and psychological aspects of this process are necessary.
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Ruch zatrudnionych w gospodarce uspołecznionej województwa miejskiego łódzkiego w latach 1975-1980

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Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1984
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vol. 33
EN
The article contains analysis of labour mobility in Lodz urban administrative province over the period 1975-1980 with the period being treated as a certain closed stage in development of the province. The analysis was based on statistical data concerning the structure and dynamics of employment and components of labour mobility such as employment and dismissal from work. It is preceded by a short discussion of determinants of labour mobility with the main attention focussed on factors accounting for mobility of personnel. The performed analysis allowed to formulate several conclusions. First of all, there was observed a strong influence exerted on certain characteristic structural features of labour mobility by the situation in the regional labour market revealing a substantial deficit of labour. There were also discovered considerable deviations from the general trend in the case of some elements of labour mobility in the initial and final year of the examined period i.e. in 1975 and 1960. It allowed to formulate a hypothesis about the in fluence exerted by transformations in the socio-economic life on processes occuring in the sphere of employment. The analysis ends with a short description of changes which will affect labour management in Lodz administrative province in the eighties.
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Problemy mierzenia równowagi na rynku pracy

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Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1984
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vol. 33
EN
The aim of the analysis was to construct conditions the fulfilment of which determines accepting the situation in the labour market as an equilibrium state. A starting point for the analysis was provided by basic principles of the employment policy i.e. the principles of full and rational employment. The labour market constitutes a focal point for effects of the employment policy and individual preferences of people finding their way in to the labour market. In this way the situation in the labour market is an important in dicator of realization of the employment policy principles. In the article the author reviews and tries to assess the measurements of equilibrium in the labour market as applied in theory and practice. This assessment was made from the point of view of their empiric application on the basis of statistical data collected in manpower offices in Lodz urban administrative province in the years 1976-1979. It allowed to select and next employ one of the measurements as an element creating a system of conditions allowing to maintain equilibrium in the labour market.
8
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Szkolnictwo wyższe a rynek pracy

100%
Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2004
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vol. 174
EN
The article contains an analysis of the labour market for people with higher education background, which is next confronted with an educational offer of higher education schools. The author discusses changes in education level of persons economically active in Poland in the years 1992-2001 and changes in the structure of workforce over 1994-2001. It is followed by presentation of an unemployment threat faced by persons with different education levels. Performed analyses have revealed that despite a steady growth of education levels of workforce in Poland recent years have witnessed a deteriorating situation of persons with higher education including university graduates. It concerns, in particular, graduates with economic-business majors and pedagogical majors, which is due (inter alia) to the structure of an educational offer of higher education schools. Finally, the author presents in conclusions these factors, which can lead to reducing the threat of unemployment for highly qualified persons.
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Wpływ megatrendów światowych na polski rynek pracy

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Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2007
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vol. 207
EN
The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of global megatrends on the Polish labour market. These megatrends encompass: the process of globalization, the acceleration of the technical and technological advance and the changes in the content of work. The following implications of the trends have been indicated as regards the Polish labour market: a rise in the work demand generated by the free flow of capital, which has alleviated the shortage of capital savings in the country, a decrease in the demand for the so called standard work (performed on the full-time basis, characterized by constant working hours and by employment for an indefinite period of time), an increase in the number of jobs connected with nonstandard work which has replaced the standard work, an increase in the demand for knowledge, skills and occupational qualifications of labour resources. The effects exerted by global megatrends on the Polish labour market will certainly be far-reaching. The final balance of advantages and disadvantages depends on the three main factors: the power of the economy, which is manifested by its ability to compete successfully on the global markets, socioeconomic policy of the country and people - the most important subjects on the both sides of the labour market.
10
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Determinanty popytu na pracę w regionie łódzkim w latach dziewięćdziesiątych

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Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2001
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vol. 154
EN
The author analyses determinants of demand for labour in a chosen region on the basis of studies of demand for labour in a region of high unemployment (the Lodz Administrative Province). The analysis includes macroeconomic, regional and microeconomic aspects, with factors determining demand for labour being divided into: institutional factors and inhabitants’ business activity
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Wynagrodzenia pracowników najemnych w latach 1991-1997

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Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2001
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vol. 155
EN
Remuneration for work is the main source of livelihood for a big part of all employees. Significant changes occurred in its levels and relations between particular categories of employees during the period of economic system transformation. The research project aimed at determining changes in relations between wages of employees in private and public sectors, both women and men, employees on worker and cognate jobs and employees on nonworker jobs, as well as employees with different education levels. The survey showed that the years 1991-1997 witnessed a significant growth of differentiation between wages of employed women and men, persons with different educational backgrounds, and persons on worker and non-worker jobs. A particularly high level of variations in wages collected by persons with different qualifications and educational levels was observed in the private sector. It is an important finding, because the expected further growth of the private sector’s share in the Polish economy can lead to a further deepening of wage differentiation with all its consequences.
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Badanie zróżnicowania poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego województw makroregionu środkowego

100%
Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1982
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vol. 15
EN
The article discusses findings of studies on differentiation of the socio-economic development levels among administrative provinces belonging to the central macroregion of Poland. The analysis was based on the process of formation of a selected group of socio-economic features characterizing development of administrative provinces in 1977. Three methods were employed in it and namely: normalization method, application of spatial concentration coefficients in relation to the population size, and spatial concentration coefficients in relation to area units. Application of these methods produced three different classifications revealing the hierarchy of provinces according to the achieved development level. In each case there was observed a difference in charakter of the socio-economic development between the Warsaw Metropolitan Province and the Łódź Province. This implies definite conclusions for the planning strategy in the central macroregion as well as conclusions concerning methodology of future studies on the central macroregion.
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Podział rynku pracy. Koncepcje segmentacyjne

100%
Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1995
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vol. 137
EN
The source of labour market division is the differentiation of labour supply and demand As a result of it, the labour market disintegrates into parts otherwise known as segments, with only insignificant movements of labour taking place between them. Thus, particular segments are relatively isolated from one another. They are characterized by their different ways of functioning and in most cases they differ with regard to the quality of offered jobs. Divisions of the labour market into fragmentary markets are analyzed within the framework of segmentation theory. The research conducted hitherto has allowed to formulate different concepts of divisions of the labour market. The group of traditional concepts can be said to include classifications distinguishing occupational, branch and spatial (local, regional) markets. The main segmentation concepts are the theories of dual, internal and external labour markets. Alongside them function others such as a three-sectorial model of labour market, a division into a sector of sex competition and a sector of jobs competition, or concepts based on analysis of employment contracts. In their construction, there is accepted an assumption about heterogeneity of the labour market, with the idea of a restricted access to particular segments being always the leading one. On the other hand, the criteria of labour market division tend to vary, although the results obtained by means of them happen to be quite convergent. A great number and a big diversity of segmentation concepts do not allow to integrate them into a single, general theory of the labour market. A separate issue is a possibility of applying these findings in the research of labour market in Poland.
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Równowaga na regionalnym rynku pracy

100%
Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1995
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vol. 135
EN
The term „regional labour market” belongs to those economic concepts, which are defined ambiguosly, interpreted in different ways and used commonly. It is also the term „equilibrium on labour market” which is interpreted differently. An attempt was made in this article to systematize the definitions oľ both concepts. This is followed by a review of the equilibrium measures used in research of labour market and the presentation of the author’s own conception of determining the equilibrium on the regional labour market in a quantitative approach. There is also pointed out the necessity of making allowances in research of labour market for its qualitative aspects, which do not lend themselves for quantification. What is meant here are such factors, which determine employees’ and employers’ satisfaction and do not materialize themselves in the form of a definite number of vacant jobs or in an increased number o f job seekers. These include, for instance, arduousness of commuting to work or expectations in the field of labour quality and efficiency. The analysis ends with deliberations on practical aspects of measuring the equilibrium on labour market, and especially statistical data reflecting the volume and structure of labour supply and demand. It is pointed out in this connection that the data collected by employment agencies should be supplemented by new statistics based on studies of households. The Central Statistical Office has been conducting such studies of economic activity of population since 1992.
15
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Czynniki stymulujące ruchliwość pracowniczą

100%
Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. i. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1987
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vol. 66
16
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Charakterystyka rynku pracy w Polecę w latach 1970-1980

100%
Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki P. i. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1986
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vol. 51
EN
In the article, there are distinguished end analyzed characteristic phenomena end their development trends, which could be observed in the labour market in Poland between 1970 end 1980. These phenomena include: supply of labour, demand for labour, situation in labour market, end recruitment of labour. Moreover, some fee tore effecting evolution of these phenomena in the period under study are discussed as well. The performed analysis allowed to formulate several conclusions concerning among others labour employment offices end decision-asking powers of particular levels within the employment system. These conclusions might be of some assistance in the planned transformation in functioning of the labour market within the framework of the economic end institutional reform being introduced in the eighties.
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Planowanie zatrudnienia oraz bilansowania siły roboczej w wojewódzkich komisjach planowania

100%
Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1992
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vol. 124
18
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Ruchliwość pracownicza, motywacje i przyczyny

100%
Kryńska E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. P. i. P. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1986
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vol. 63
19
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Funkcjonowanie regionalnego rynku pracy (wynik i badań w województwie miejskim łódzkim)

100%
Kryńska E., Katedra Planowania i Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1988
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vol. 76
EN
The article presents results of the studies concerning the functining of the regional labour market. The aim of these studies was to determine dynamic interrelationships occurring between labour supply and demand on the regional labour market. The object of the studies was the urban administrative province of Łódź, and they encompassed the period between 1976 and 1982. Appearance of acute symptoms of the economic, social and political crisis, activities undertaken to reform the national economy and other factors caused major changes on the labour market during this period. The studies were conducted by means of two different methods. For analysis of the 1976-1980 period there were applied models of changeability over time describing particular phenomena on the labour market, while for the years 1981-1982 there were used indices of irregularity. Equilibrium on the labour market of the administrative province of Łódź was assessed by means of measures applied by those dealing with the problem in theory and practice. The model of developmental trends in employment in this province for the years 1970-1980 was built. Similarly to the models of changeability over time of phenomena on the labour market, the parameters of this model were estimated using the method of least squares. Application of certain methods used in studies on mass phenomena for analys is of the functioning of the regional labour market became a prerequisite for formulation of conclusions of methodological character concerning their applicability for analysis of processes occurring on the regional labour market. This became the second –minor aim of the analysis. There are also discussed in this article the factors determining the level of demand and supply of labour in the period under study and presented conclusions derived on the basis of the performer analysis.
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Zróżnicowanie wynagrodzeń a segmentacja polskiego rynku pracy

100%
Kryńska E., Katedra Planowania i Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 142
EN
Segmentation of the labour market lakes place when within it there exist isolated submarkets operating in different ways. The jobs offered on them are characterized by different working conditions and, thus, among others by a different risk of losing them, differentiated possibilities of promotion and training, and primarily by different levels of pay. For the segmentation process the most important thing is that the level of pay offered on particular submarkets, which is dependent not only on productivity of an employee and quality of provided work but also largely on characteristics of the work place and personal characteristics of the employer. The article deals with the analysis of employees’ pay, which was performed in the way allowing to assess the symptoms of segmentation on the Polish labour market. The basis for empirical analysis were findings of the Survey of Population’s Economic Activity carried out on a representative sample in May 1993. A comparison of pay differentiation among employee groups representing different demographic characteristics and working on different jobs allowed to draw some conclusions concerning the existence of labour market segments characterized by much lower pay, and - correspondingly - of submarkets with relatively advantageous pay conditions. There were also observed symptoms of a strong pay discrimination of women in every cross-section of the Polish labour market.
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