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EN
This work focuses on one of the aspects of problems relating to study of the medieval Vlachs in the Central and Western regions of the Balkans – the “katun” and katun organization. The medieval Vlachs’ katun had long remained an illdefined concept for scholars, much like the organization of medieval Vlachs as a typical pastoral population. Eventually they arrived at the judgment that this is indeed one of the central problems in Balkan studies, in whose solution lies the key to shedding light upon myriad other scholarly problems. This work provides an outline of the development of findings about katuns and the katun organization of the medieval Vlachs in the Central and Western regions of the Balkans before and after the Second World War. On the basis of the works of the eminent authors cited here, then the appropriate conclusions are drawn.
EN
This paper deals with: nomadic and semi-nomadic livestock breeding in the Balkan Peninsula in the medieval period; self-government institutions of the medieval nomadic livestock breeders in the Balkans; sedentarization of Vlach livestock breeders in the Balkans; self-government institutions in the knežinas and tribes in the Balkans: natural and socio-political determinants of exploitation of the high mountain pastures in the Carpathian mountains between the 13th and 16th centuries; self-governmental institutions of village communities and the confederations of villages with Romanian populations in Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia in the Late medieval period: socio-economic aspects of the colonization on Vlach rights in the Central and Western Carpathian mountains: self-government institutions of villages and village alliances created on Vlach rights in the Central and Western Carpathians (lands of the Hungarian crown, lands of the Polish crown, lands of the Czech crown).
PL
Artykuł odnosi się do: koczowniczej i półkoczowniczej hodowli na Półwyspie Bałkańskim w okresie średniowiecza; instytucji samorządowych średniowiecznych koczowniczych pasterzy na Bałkanach; sedentaryzacji wołoskich pasterzy na Bałkanach; instytucji samorządowych knežin i plemion bałkańskich; przyrodniczych oraz socjopolitycznych wyznaczników wykorzystania wysokogórskich pastwisk w Karpatach między XIII a XVI stuleciem; instytucji samorządowych społeczności wiejskich i związków wsi z romańską ludnością Wołoszczyzny, Transylwanii oraz Mołdawii w okresie późnośredniowiecznym; socjoekonomicznych aspektów kolonizacji na prawie wołoskim w środkowej i zachodniej części Karpat; samorządowych instytucji wsi i związków wsi powstałych na prawie wołoskim w środkowej i zachodniej części Karpat (ziemie monarchii: węgierskiej, polskiej, czeskiej).
PL
The transhumant type of livestock breeding (mostly sheep, sometimes goats) in the Balkans has Old Balkan roots. It was most frequent in the Balkans in the Middle Ages. This type of livestock breeding was pursued by the locals – Vlachs (even before the arrival of the Slavs), as their only professional activity. Over time, it became very popular, being also adopted by the population of Slavic origin. In the Serbian medieval state, as well as in other Balkan Christian states, there were no regulations that would uniformly regulate the position of the Vlachs. Regulations regarding the position of the Vlachs can usually be found in the foundation or donation charters of the monasteries. In the few charters from the first half of 14th century rules regarding the Vlachs were grouped under the common name Zakon Vlahom. Apart from this, common law applied to them as well. In conquering the Christian lands in the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Ottoman state initially held certain lands and regions in a vassal status, and the sanjaks were formed following their definite subjugation and the liquidation of the vassal status, within the subjugated lands or regions. After the formation of a particular sanјak a tax list was immediately established, and that is how Ottoman Tax Registers (defters) were created. In each defter of the particular sanјak in the early Ottoman period (second half of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century) there existed a regulation known as kanun, regulating the duties of the Vlachs. They contained rules and legal traditions of common law, that had existed earlier in the territories of the subjugated Balkan Christian states.
EN
was based on seasonal movements of people and their large sheep or (to a lesser extent) goat flocks between summer and winter pastures. During the summer livestock was grazed on high pastures in the mountains, and in the autumn it was driven to warm coastal plains, dales or river valleys where there was enough grass until the next spring vegetation season in the mountains. This type of animal husbandry was subject to constant change in a centuries-long process which saw different phases and took different courses in different parts of the Balkans (depending on the concrete geographical, social and political circumstances). For all changes it had undergone during the medieval period and a few centuries of Ottoman rule, the practice of large-scale seasonal livestock migration continued until the twentieth century. The practice still survives, though on a considerably reduced scale and in a modified form. This paper discusses the following questions: the influence of political changes on seasonal livestock movements in the Balkans from the end of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century; information about seasonal livestock movements in the Balkans provided by travellers and scholars; recent zones of seasonal livestock movements in the Balkans; the social organization and status of Vlach herders in the Balkans in the middle ages; changes in the status and mode of organization of seasonal herders in the Ottoman period. In this connection, the term “the Balkan Peninsula/the Balkans” has been clarified.
PL
W trakcie długiego okresu historycznego głównym rodzajem pasterstwa na Półwyspie Bałkańskim były migracje sezonowe pasterzy z wielkimi stadami owiec (lub, w mniejszym stopniu, kóz) między letnimi a zimowymi pastwiskami. Podczas lata wypasano swoje stada na pastwiskach w wysokich górach, podczas gdy jesienią owce zaganiano do ciepłych nizin nadmorskich oraz do ciepłych kotlin i dolin rzek, w których było na tyle dużo trawy, że owce mogły przetrwać do wiosny i kolejnego okresu wegetacyjnego w górach. Działalność pasterska tego rodzaju ciągle ulegała zmianom. Był to długi, kilkuwieczny proces, który przechodził przez różne etapy i rozwijał się różnie w poszczególnych częściach Półwyspu Bałkańskiego (w zależności od konkretnych geograficznych, społecznych i politycznych warunków i okoliczności). Mimo wszelkich zmian, których doświadczyły w średniowieczu i podczas kilku stuleci rządów osmańskich na Bałkanach, wielkie sezonowe migracje pasterzy trwały aż do XX wieku. W zredukowanej i zmodyfikowanej formie istnieją do dziś. W niniejszej pracy rozważane są następujące kwestie: wpływ zmian politycznych od końca XVIII do początku XX wieku na sezonowe migracje pasterzy na Bałkanach; świadectwa podróżników i badania dotyczące Bałkanów związane z sezonowymi migracjami pasterzy; niedawne (reliktowe) strefy sezonowych migracji pasterzy na Bałkanach; charakter migracji sezonowych pasterzy na Bałkanach; organizacja społeczna i status pasterzy wołoskich na Bałkanach w średniowieczu oraz zmiany statusu i sposobu organizacji migracji sezonowych w okresie osmańskim. W związku z tym konieczne jest również wyjaśnienie pojęcia Półwysep Bałkański/Bałkany.
EN
The modern Serbian state (the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia) was created and its territory enlarged gradually during the 19th and early 20th century, in a process of emancipation from the Ottoman Empire, where specific agrarian relations existed based on Ottoman feudalism. Consequently the development of the modern Serbian state proceeded parallel to the replacement of Ottoman agrarian relations with a new type of land ownership, with formerly dependent peasants becoming private owners of the land that they had farmed under Ottoman rule. This led to deep-rooted social changes and even changes in the national culture. For this purpose the paper presents an overview of the creation and the territorial expansion of the modern Serbian state, in the context of the change in the international position of the Ottoman Empire and its social structure. A thorough analysis of the Ottoman agrarian relations in the Balkan regions of the Ottoman Empire is carried out, specifying the changes that occurred during the armed springs of the Serbian peasants – the First and Second Serbian Uprising (1804–1813, 1815). The process of abolishing Ottoman agrarian relations (with the constitution of private land ownership) is treated in detail in the territory of the Principality of Serbia, following the attainment of formal autonomy within the Ottoman Empire (1830) and after gaining independence (1878), including all the international implications.
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