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Ocena atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej spółek giełdowych odpowiedzialnych społecznie

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
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2015
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vol. 1
21-37
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba znalezienia odpowiedzi na dwa pytania badawcze. Czy odpowiedzialne społecznie spółki notowane na GPW w Warszawie są atrakcyjniejsze inwestycyjnie od pozostałych spółek giełdowych? Które spółki działające według zasad CSR powinny stanowić szczególny przedmiot zainteresowania inwestora giełdowego? Cel opracowania został zrealizowany przez empiryczną weryfikację hipotezy badawczej stanowiącej, iż syntetyczny miernik atrakcyjności inwestycji osiąga najwyższe wartości dla spółek wchodzących w skład portfela indeksu RESPECT. Artykuł składa się z dwóch zasadniczych części. W części teoretycznej krótko omówiono istotę CSR oraz opisano metodykę obliczania taksonomicznej miary atrakcyjności inwestycji (TMAI).W części empirycznej pozytywnie zweryfikowano postawioną hipotezę badawczą. Wyniki badań potwierdziły, iż spółki z indeksu RESPECT są atrakcyjniejsze inwestycyjnie niż inne spółki. Ponadto badania wykazały, że najatrakcyjniejsze inwestycyjnie są nowe spółki z indeksu RESPECT, a atrakcyjność inwestycyjna spółek odpowiedzialnych społecznie spada po kilku latach w portfelu tego indeksu.
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Realizacja długoterminowych stóp zwrotu z inwestycji w akcje spółek regularnie wypłacających dywidendę

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2018
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vol. 52
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issue 3
EN
The aim of this paper is to identify and characterize the relationship between conducting regular dividend payments and shaping the market value of the company within 10 years from the dividend initiation. The research hypothesis states that the longer time of regular dividend pay-outs, the higher abnormal rates of return. Empirical research shows that buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR) calculated for companies regularly paying out dividend is higher than the buy-and-hold abnormal return from the WIG index, and that along with an increase in the number of years of regular dividend payments BHAR increases.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie i scharakteryzowanie relacji między prowadzeniem regularnych wypłat dywidendy a kształtowaniem się wartości rynkowej spółki w okresie dziesięciu lat od momentu wypłaty dywidendy inicjalnej. Hipoteza badawcza stanowi, że im dłużej spółka realizuje politykę regularnych wypłat dywidendy, tym wyższe są nadzwyczajne stopy zwrotu z akcji. Badania wykazały, że średnia stopa zwrotu BHAR dla spółek regularnie wypłacających dywidendę jest wyższa niż stopa zwrotu z indeksu WIG oraz że wraz ze wzrostem liczby lat regularnych wypłat dywidendy nadzwyczajna stopa zwrotu wzrasta.
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Cateringowe aspekty wypłaty dywidendy a koniunktura giełdowa

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2015
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vol. 49
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issue 4
EN
This article attempts to find the answer to two research questions whether: 1) the rational behaviour of executives is manifested in the variable to the stock market situation propensity to pay dividends and 2) dividend preferences of investors depend on the situation on the stock market? In the article, there were formulated two hypotheses stating that: 1) during economic downturns relatively more companies initiate dividend payments, 2) during the “bear market” dividend companies are valued relatively higher. Preliminary results of empirical studies show that during the recession on capital market the share of companies that initiate dividend payments increase but dividend paying companies are not valued higher than the other companies.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba znalezienia odpowiedzi na dwa pytania badawcze: 1) czy racjonalne zachowania menedżerów przejawiają się w zmiennej względem koniunktury giełdowej skłonności spółek do wypłaty dywidendy oraz 2) czy preferencje dywidendowe inwestorów zależą od sytuacji na giełdzie? W artykule postawiono dwie hipotezy: 1) w okresach dekoniunktury giełdowej relatywnie więcej spółek inicjuje wypłatę dywidendy, 2) w trakcie trwania bessy na rynku kapitałowym inwestorzy giełdowi względnie wyżej wyceniają spółki dywidendowe. Wyniki wstępnych badań empirycznych wskazują, iż w okresie dekoniunktury giełdowej rośnie udział spółek inicjujących wypłatę dywidendy, jednak rynek kapitałowy nie wycenia spółek dywidendowych wyżej niż innych spółek.
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Occurrence of Calendar Anomalies in Dividend Companies – the Case of Quarter-of-the-Year Effect

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2020
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vol. 54
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issue 4
101-109
EN
Theoretical background: The efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) states that share prices immediately and fully reflect all information available on the market, so stock investors are not able to “beat the market” in the long term. Since stock exchanges are not fully efficient, there are numerous exceptions to EMH, called market anomalies (seasonal anomalies, fundamental anomalies, etc.). The occurrence of such anomalies enables stock investors to achieve excess market returns. Therefore, market anomalies are of particular interest to them. However, there are no studies on “beating the market” in the long term by dividend investing. Research to date has focused mainly on the short-term response of the capital market to dividend announcements.Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to examine whether by dividend investing stock investor is able to “beat the market” on quarterly basis, i.e. achieve excess market returns in some quarters of the year. In order to conduct the research, the following hypothesis was formulated: The average rates of return on the dividend index are higher in the third quarter of the calendar year than the average rates of return on other indices.Research methods: The study was carried out in the period between 2012 and 2019 on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) using rates of return on income indices (i.e. WIG, WIGdiv, WIG20TR, WIG30TR, mWIG40TR and sWIG80TR). The main method used for the calculation was Kruskal–Wallis H test.Main findings: Average returns on examined indices were negative in the second quarter of the year. Our finding is consistent with the so-called holiday effect. The highest rates of return occurred in the third quarter, except for small and medium companies. In these cases, the highest returns were observed in the first quarter). The study conducted with the use of the Kruskal–Wallis H test showed that the null hypothesis, stating that the cases come from the same population, cannot be rejected.
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Managerial ownership and catering to investor sentiment for dividends: evidence from the electromechanical industry sector on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2020
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vol. 11
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issue 3
467-483
EN
Research background: Dividends have been the subject of scientific research for decades. However, many aspects of payout policy are still controversial, and research provides contradictory results. One research area is the impact of the ownership structure on dividend policy. Although many scientific studies on this subject have been conducted, there is still a lack of research on the impact of managerial ownership on adjusting the dividend payout to investor sentiment. It was this research gap that motivated us to investigate the issue. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to evaluate how managerial ownership affects the disposition of companies to adjust their dividend payouts to investor sentiment. Achieving that objective provides stock market investors with additional information and allows for its practical implications as they seek the best investment opportunities. Methods: The main method of investigation is a panel regression model with random effects. This model is used based on the Breusch-Pagan test and the Hausman test, while the information criteria of Akaike, Schwarz, and Hannan-Quinn are also taken into consideration. Additionally, descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient are used. The research sample consists of Polish companies from the electromechanical industry sector that are listed on the main market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) in the period 2009-2018. Findings & Value added: Our findings reveal that: 1) an increase in dividend premium results in a higher payout in order to cater to investor sentiment; 2) if the manager holds the greatest number of shares, the catering effect weakens. The main contribution of the paper is a new approach to the catering theory of dividends, which includes the impact of managerial ownership.
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Catering to investor sentiment for dividends: contestability or collusion of the largest shareholders?

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
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2022
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vol. 17
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issue 2
435-457
EN
Research background: Dividend payouts have been the subject of scientific research for many years. Although many studies focus on the impact of ownership on dividend payouts, there is still a lack of research on the influence of the contestability and collusion of the largest shareholders on the catering effect of dividends. This research gap motivated us to investigate this issue and determine whether the interactions between large shareholders have an impact on aligning dividends with investor sentiment. Purpose of the article: The article assesses the impact of the relationship between the largest shareholders (i.e., contestability or collusion) on the adjustment of dividend payouts to investor sentiment. The following research hypothesis has been formulated: If there is contestability between the first and second-largest shareholders, the strength of the catering effect of the dividend is greater than in the case of collusion, both in the years of positive and negative dividend premiums. Methods: The main research method is a panel regression model (pooled OLS and fixed effects). We use the F test, the Breusch-Pagan test, and the Hausman test. Our research is supplemented with descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The research sample consists of Polish companies from the electromechanical industry sector listed on the main market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) in the years 2009?2020. Findings & value added: The main findings are as follows: a) if a dividend premium is positive and the second-largest shareholder holds many shares, the strong catering effect of dividends is observed; b) there are only two years of negative premium, which does not allow to conclude that both the catering effect and the impact of interactions between the largest shareholders on dividend payouts do not exist when dividend premium is negative. We propose pioneering research concerning the catering effect in the context of interactions between the largest shareholders. Its long-term theoretical value added is the original and interdisciplinary research combining financial, behavioral and governance aspects. Our research results may be of particular interest to foreign investors looking for new opportunities to invest their capital abroad, also in Poland.
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The monitoring role of multiple large shareholders and the catering effect of dividends: Evidence from Poland

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Economics and Business Review
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2021
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vol. 7
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issue 4
72-93
EN
On the world capital markets, there is a lack of research on how multiple large shareholders (MLS) monitoring of the first largest shareholder affects the catering effect of dividends. To fill this research gap, one should ascertain whether MLS control the first largest shareholder to align pay-outs with investor sentiment for dividends. Therefore, the aim of this article is to assess the integrated MLS impact on the strength of the catering effect of dividends. The study covers Polish electrotechnical companies in 2009–2020 with the use of fixed effects models. The value added is that the paper presents the results of novel research concerning the impact of MLS on dividends. The main findings are: 1) the strongest catering effect is observed when the total number of shares held by MLS is large; 2) the catering effect weakens most when the first largest shareholder is a controlling shareholder and the second largest owner holds relatively many shares.
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Determinants of payout policy and investment attractiveness of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
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2017
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vol. 12
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issue 4
675-691
EN
Research background: Making decisions concerning the payout policy depends on many diversified neoclassical and behavioral determinants. Although these factors are well-described in the literature, there is still a research gap concerning the lack of a comprehensive impact model of payout policy determinants on the investment attractiveness of shares. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to present the diverse nature of the relationship between different forms of cash transfer to the shareholders and in-vestments attractiveness of public companies in the context of various determinants of payout policy. The possibility of achieving this objective was conditioned by the empirical verification of research hypothesis stating that the diversify of payout forms is accompanied by the different determinants of payout policy that condition an effective investment of stock investors' capital. Methods: The empirical research was conducted among the electromechanical companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the years 2006-2015. The data for analysis were obtained from Notoria Service database and Stock Exchange Yearbooks. The calculations were carried out using the methodology of taxonomic measure of investment attractiveness, as well as dividend premium and share repurchase premium. Findings & Value added: The final conclusion of our research is that the companies con-ducting the payout policy in different forms of cash transfer differ in terms of many characteristics, such as: financial standing, market value, ownership structure, company's size and age. Moreover, their investment attractiveness differs according to regularity of payment, stock exchange situation and shareholders' preferences. The value added of this paper is a new approach to the evaluation of capital investment with a special emphasis on the determinants of payout policy.
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Characteristics identifying the companies conducting different dividend policy: evidence from Poland

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
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2020
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vol. 15
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issue 1
63-85
EN
Research background: Dividend policy has been a subject of many scientific studies. Although most of them focus on its determinants, there is still a research gap concerning the lack of comprehensive research on the differences between companies implementing different types of dividend policy. Furthermore, no at-tempt has been made to indicate which of them could be considered as more attractive for stock market investor that invests in dividend stocks. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative analysis of companies with different dividend policy from the point of view of their investment attractiveness. Methods: The empirical research is conducted among the regular dividend payers listed on the main market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange in years 2001?2017. The data for analysis is collected from Notoria Service and Stock Market Yearbooks. The main calculations are carried out using the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance ANOVA with Fisher?s LSD test. Findings & Value added: The value added of this paper is a holistic approach to comparison of companies conducting different dividend policy. The most significant differences are observed in case of extreme and residual dividend policy. The first policy should be of particular interest to investors investing for dividends, while the second one should be attractive to investors that invest for capital growth. The research is valuable due to the lack of academic studies concerning different dividend policy in the context of attractiveness of investing in dividend shares.
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Diversified Ownership Structure and Dividend Pay‑outs of Publicly Traded Companies

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Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2019
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vol. 6
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issue 345
93-110
PL
Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie i scharakteryzowanie relacji między strukturą własności spółek publicznych a realizacją wypłaty dywidendy. Hipoteza badawcza stanowi, iż wraz ze wzrostem stopnia koncentracji własności wzrasta zarówno skłonność do wypłaty dywidendy, jak i jej wysokość. Badania przeprowadzone zostały na grupie 354 spółek niefinansowych notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Zasadniczą metodą badawczą była analiza regresji logistycznej i tobitowej. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że wraz ze wzrostem w strukturze własności udziału Skarbu Państwa, inwestorów instytucjonalnych i członków zarządu, decyzje o wypłacie dywidendy zapadały częściej, a wysokość wypłaty wzrastała. Analizując stopień koncentracji własności wyrażony indeksem Herfindahla‑Hirschmana, uzyskano zróżnicowane wyniki badań. Estymacja niektórych modeli regresji wykazała, iż silniejsza koncentracja własności sprzyjała podjęciu decyzji o wypłacie dywidendy (dywidendy wypłacane były częściej), jednakże wraz ze wzrostem stopnia koncentracji własności wysokość dywidendy malała. Przedstawione w artykule wyniki badań stanowią uzupełnienie dotychczasowych analiz prowadzonych na rynkach światowych i są rozszerzeniem dotychczasowych badań prowadzonych na GPW w Warszawie.
EN
The aim of this article is to identify and characterise the relationship between the ownership structure and dividend pay‑out of listed companies. The research hypothesis states that along with an increase in a degree of ownership concentration both the propensity to pay a dividend and its amount increase. The research has been conducted on a group of 354 non‑financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The basic research method is the analysis of logistic and tobit regression. The research shows that along with an increase in the complexity of the ownership structure, the share of the State Treasury, institutional investors and board members, decisions on dividend pay‑out are made more often, and the amount of dividend is higher. Examining the degree of ownership concentration expressed by the Herfindahl‑Hirschman index, diversified results have been obtained. An estimation of some regression models shows that stronger ownership concentration favours the decision to pay a dividend (dividends are paid out more frequently), however, as a degree of ownership concentration increases, a decrease in the amount of dividend is observed. The research results presented in this article are a supplement to the existing analyses carried out on the global markets and an extension of the existing research conducted on the companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
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Reakcja rynku kapitałowego na wypłatę dywidendy inicjalnej w świetle cateringowej teorii dywidendy

100%
Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2016
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vol. 263
88-102
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wyników badań empirycznych nad reakcją warszawskiego parkietu na ogłoszenie wypłaty dywidendy inicjalnej. W artykule postawiona została główna hipoteza badawcza stanowiąca, iż cateringowa teoria dywidendy znajduje potwierdzenie na GPW w Warszawie. Hipoteza ta została zoperacjonalizowana przy pomocy dwóch hipotez szczegółowych: 1) hipotezy HP1 stanowiącej, że w latach wysokiej premii dywidendowej relatywnie więcej spółek rozpoczyna wypłatę dywidendy, a wartość dywidendy inicjalnej jest wyższa niż w pozostałych latach oraz 2) hipotezy HP2 stwierdzającej, iż rynek kapitałowy wyżej wycenia spółki inicjujące dywidendę w latach tzw. dużego sentymentu inwestorów do spółek dywidendowych. Empiryczna weryfikacja hipotez badawczych przeprowadzona została z wykorzystaniem równoważonej premii dywidendowej, współczynników skłonności spółek do inicjowania wypłaty dywidendy, współczynników pomiaru wysokości dywidendy inicjalnej oraz modelu rynkowego. Wstępne badania empiryczne potwierdziły postawione hipotezy badawcze.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the results of empirical research on the reaction to the announcement of initial dividend. The main research hypothesis states that catering theory of dividends is confirmed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. This hypothesis is operationalized by two auxiliary hypotheses: 1) hypothesis HP1 stipulating that in the years of high dividend premium relatively more companies initiate dividends and the amount of initial dividend is higher than in the other years, and 2) hypothesis HP2 stating that the capital market is valuating higher those companies that are initiating dividend payments in the years of strong sentiment for dividend payers. Empirical verification of research hypothesis was carried out using dividend premium, indicators of companies’ propensity to initiate dividend, measures of initial dividend level and market model. Preliminary empirical studies partly confirmed formulated hypotheses.
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Koncentracja własności i kontroli a wypłaty dywidendy pieniężnej w spółkach przemysłowych notowanych na GPW w Warszawie

100%
Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2017
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vol. 1
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issue 327
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the results of empirical research on the relationship between a degree of concentration of ownership and control with regularity and amount of dividend payment. Two hypotheses were set. Hypothesis H1 stipulates that companies with a high degree of concentration of ownership and control pay dividends more regularly than other companies. Hypotheses H2 stating that in the companies whose ownership and control are concentrated, we observe the higher dividend payments than in the companies with dispersed ownership. The analysis was conducted on industrial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the period between 2010–2015. The results of empirical research confirmed both hypotheses.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań empirycznych nad związkiem stopnia koncentracji własności i kontroli z regularnością i wysokością wypłacanej dywidendy pieniężnej. Dla jego realizacji sformułowane zostały dwie hipotezy badawcze – hipoteza H1 stanowiąca, iż spółki o dużym stopniu koncentracji własności i kontroli wypłacają dywidendę regularniej niż pozostałe jednostki, oraz hipoteza H2 stwierdzająca, że w spółkach, w których własność i kontrola skupione są w rękach inwestorów strategicznych, obserwuje się wyższe wypłaty dywidendy niż w przedsiębiorstwach z rozproszonym akcjonariatem. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało na spółkach przemysłowych notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie w latach 2010–2015. Rezultaty badań empirycznych potwierdziły obie hipotezy.
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