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The Philadelphia Negro - zapomenutý počátek empirické sociologie ve Spojených státech amerických

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Jeřábek H.
Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)
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2013
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vol. 1
55-73
EN
This paper focuses on "The Philadelphia Negro": a community study that stands at the start of American social research. This somewhat forgotten empirical study from 1899 describes the historical conditions and the economic and social causes and circumstances behind the formation and existence of the "Seventh Ward", a slum neighbourhood in Philadelphia inhabited by African-Americans. The study used survey and other methods of observation and analysis of historical, economic and social data. The study was written by the erudite Harvard University graduate William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, an African-American, and an economist, historian and sociologist. Using primary and secondary literature and archive sources this paper shows that Du Bois was the author of the first empirical social research study in the United States. It looks at his life, his research, and his opinions on racial issues. He created a programme of research on the African-American population and from 1898 to 1910 he headed the first school of sociology on the American continent at the University of Atlanta. He published the results of scientific analyses of the lives of African-Americans in the south of the United States in sixteen volumes of the Atlanta University Studies. Racial prejudices among the American sociological elites prevented both Du Bois and his work from receiving the attention they rightly deserve.
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Merton and Lazarsfeld: Collaboration on Communication Research—Two Papers, Two Research Instruments, and Two Kindred Concepts

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Jeřábek H.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 6
1191-1215
EN
This article attempts to thoroughly map the cooperation between R. K. Merton and P. F. Lazarsfeld on communication research in the 1940s. Merton mainly gained fame for his work on theory and Lazarsfeld for his work on methodology, but this article is not interested in the important research results attained by the two researchers independently or in cooperation with other researchers. It concentrates solely on the demonstrable results of their collaboration. The interpersonal influence of the two researchers was key to the development of their concepts, research tools, and theoretical generalisations. Their collaboration in the field of communication research led to the creation of two interlinked research methods—the programme analyser and the focused interview. The conclusions they reached on communication theory in two papers they wrote together and the pair of sociological concepts, ‘opinion leaders’ and ‘influentials’, that they developed in the field of interpersonal communication are both still widely used and elaborated on today.
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MERTON A LAZARSFELD: SPOLUPRÁCE SOCIOLOGICKÉ TEORIE S EMPIRICKÝM VÝZKUMEM

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Jeřábek H.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2012
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vol. 44
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issue 1
62 – 82
EN
This article represents an excursion into the history of sociology and into the history of empirical sociological research. It looks at four outcomes of collaboration between Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton. All of them draw on a combination of empirical research and sociological theory, and all of them were of significance for the cooperation between Merton and Lazarsfeld. First, they developed a pair of methodological tools: the programme analyser and the focused interview, and they created a functional model for the combined use of these two devices in research. Next, they co-edited a monograph titled Continuities in Social Research, in which they presented the results of the ‘American Soldier’ study and explained its contribution to the development of sociological theory and research methodology. Merton was a theorist and Lazarsfeld an empirically oriented scientist and the fruits of this kind of collaboration are apparent in their joint article ‘Friendship as a Social Process’. The fourth example of their cooperation occurred with their efforts to assert Lazarsfeld’s idea for a centre for advanced training in social research that would focus on research training. The complementary roles that Lazarsfeld and Merton played are illuminated further by the memoirs of these two scholars, which reflect on their collaborative research work.
4
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Chicagská škola a počátky Chicagské univerzity

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Jeřábek H.
Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)
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2013
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vol. 2
29-49
EN
The article describes the role of the Chicago School of Sociology in the development of empirical social research. It traces the increase in the significance of the education of doctoral students on American universities at the turn of the 20th century, and the role of philanthropic foundations. It focuses on the contribution of prominent individuals: W. R. Harper, rector and founder of the University of Chicago, obtained top figures and founded journals in some major fields. A. W. Small was the first chair of the Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, founded the American Journal of Sociology and wrote the first two textbooks of sociology. W. I. Thomas was responsible for the famous study Polish Peasant in Europe and America and for the theoretical foundations passed on to his successors. In 1916 R. E. Park published a project in which Chicago became a social laboratory and he inspired and was an advisor for numerous doctoral projects that later were published as sociological monographs. The methodologist E. W. Burgess organized empirical research for the school of doctoral studies that emerged in Chicago and successfully worked there for twenty years. It is beyond the scope of one article to discuss also the monographs by doctoral students at the University of Chicago. Paper examines in detail only the monograph by Park, Burgess and McKenzie titled The City.
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Lazarsfeldova analýza zdůvodnění (reason analysis): metoda pro 21. století

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Jeřábek H.
Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)
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2010
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vol. 4
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issue 1
5-18
EN
Reason analysis is a long neglected method of data collection and analysis. This article describes the method and shows some fields of practical application. The methods and principles of reason analysis were first expounded by Lazarsfeld (1935). Reason analysis explores how respondents answer “why” questions during survey interviews. Typically, respondents are asked a simple question inquiring about the reasons that led them to make a specific decision or action. Data obtained in this way are often used to construct a simple classification of respondents. In reality, respondents often have many reasons for making a particular decision, but usually only mention one to an interviewer. Reason analysis contends that responses to ‘why’ questions are a combination of some or all reasons used by the respondent to formulate an answer to an interviewers’ question. Consequently, reason analysis constructs a “tree” of questions and an “accounting scheme” or model of the decision or action being studied. Using this framework, responses are grouped into classes and types according to their (dis)similarity. With the development of software tools it is now easy to estimate reason analysis models of survey response. One key advantage of reason analysis is that it facilitates developing a deeper understanding of the latent structure of groups; and hence allows a more precise estimation of individual level effects in studies of decision-making. As the demand for “structural estimation” models of decision making and action increase, it is likely the reason analysis will become a more influential methodological approach in the 21st century.
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Spor o metodologii Whytovy Street Corner Society

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Jeřábek H.
Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)
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2013
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vol. 7
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issue 2
149-165
EN
William Foote Whyte’s Street Corner Society is a classic study in which research was carried out on an Italian slum in a large US city. The methodology and conclusions of the study, however, depart from the standard typology. It was not community research, or a case study, and it did not even fit the narrative model of qualitative research. Whyte’s study did not use quantitative methods and yet reached analytical conclusions. Interpersonal relations are its primary focus. It tries to reveal the patterns of recurring group activities with the objective of capturing the hierarchy in small groups and the rules these groups are guided by. This article examines the motivations of Whyte’s influential study, his research strategy and his main method – participant observation. In the concluding section of this article there is a discussion of the basic paradigmatic debate in which Norman K. Denzin, Laurel Richardson and others criticised the methodology of the Street Corner Society while Arthur J. Vidich and other scholars praised this study’s innovative approach
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Mediální obraz Karla Schwarzenberga v tištěných denících před prezidentskými volbami 2013

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Jeřábek H., Rössler J., Sklenařík P.
Naše společnost (Our Society)
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 2
3-15
EN
The first direct presidential elections in the Czech Republic took place in January 2013. This event and the period before were extensively covered by media, which many candidates and political actors described as ultimately having a significant inuence on voters’ decisions. This article focuses on an analysis of the media image of one of the presidential candidates, Karel Schwarzenberg. Originally an outsider, he reached the second round of the elections, but then he was beaten by Miloš Zeman. The article uses the theory of framing and species it to the circumstances of the rst and second round of the elections. It applies a quantitative and qualitative content analysis to the main Czech daily newspapers and to the website supporting Schwarzenberg www.volimkarla.cz. The in-depth analysis reveals that the positive image of Karel Schwarzenberg created by his supporters before the rst round of the elections was reframed before the second round into a rather negative image.
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