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Marek Łuczak Policja w walce o zabytki. Zbiór zagadnień z przeciwdziałania przestępczości przeciwko zabytkom. Katalog zabytków i dzieł sztuki utraconych z województwa zachodniopomorskiego, Szczecin 2011, s. 368

100%
Trzciński M.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2012
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issue 3-4
179-181
2
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WOKÓŁ DEFINICJI ZABYTKU ARCHEOLOGICZNEGO

100%
Trzciński M.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2007
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issue 4
111-117
EN
The binding statute of 23 July 2003 on the protection and care of historical monuments was the first Polish legal regulation relating to the protection of the national heritage to introduce the concept of the archaeological monument. Its pre-war predecessors and the statute on the protection of cultural property from 1962 consistently used the terms “excavations” or “findings”. The introduced division of monuments into mobile, immobile and archaeological (the latter are also classified as mobile and immobile) constitutes irrefutable proof that the object under protection has become more extensive and concrete. New systemic, economic and legal conditions have become the reason why the scale of threats to archaeological heritage grew rapidly already at the onset of the 1990s. The solutions introduced into the statute, concerning the protection of archaeological monuments, imposedcivic duties whose neglect is now threatened with penalaccountability. From the viewpoint of the almost five years-long existence of the statute on monuments it has become apparent that the application of its regulations can be problematical. Reservations are formulated not only by bodies using this law in their decision-making process but also those involved in combating and preventing crimes committed against monuments (the police force, border guards, customs services). Fundamental doubts are produced by an interpretation of the definition of the historical monument and its classified form, i.e. the archaeological monument. Attention is also drawn to the fact that the range of the definition of the archaeological object has been delineated much too generally, which makes it possible to classify, for instance, an item originating from the early twentieth century as an archaeological monument. Indubitably, the clarity and acuteness of the definition are closely associated with legal consequences pertaining to, e.g. , awarding a person who had discovered an archaeological monument or punishment for damaging or appropriating it. It is high time, therefore, to answer whether the binding definition should be modified, and if so, then to what extent. It seems that this question should be addressed to archaeologists, since in the course of the past decade the range of the interests of contemporary archaeology has changed due to the development of large municipal agglomerations and the construction of roads and highways, always accompanied by archaeological investigations. A discussion on the definition of the archaeological monument is also directly connected with the increasingly universal search for monuments, conducted across the country.
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Krytycznie o niektórych metodach prowadzenia poszukiwań ukrytych zwłok

100%
Trzciński M.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2020
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vol. 56
101-118
EN
In Poland, apart from law enforcement agencies, the Institute of National Remembrance also deals with the search for homicide victims due to the fact that war crimes and genocide are not subject to the statute of limitations. New technologies used in both criminalistics and forensic archaeology allow even after many years to find homicide victims. These methods have various effectiveness. The author presents some practical, critical remarks regarding the application of some of them.
4
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Poszukiwania skarbów czy poszukiwania zabytków? Między legendą a rzeczywistością

100%
Trzciński M.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2012
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vol. 88
99-112
EN
Searching for objects of historic interest has become a very popular activity in Poland. While for some it is a passion pursued in accordance with applicable legal regulations, a vast majority of “treasure hunters” act in breach of law. Adverse effects of their plunder-related activities also bring irreversible destruction to the original cultural context. The escalation of this process results not only from poor legal regulations but also from the shortcomings of the entire national heritage protection system, including the enforcement of law. Another problem is a limited legal awareness of citizens and their limited need to involve themselves in the process of heritage conservation.
5

Próba oceny nowych rozwiązań w zakresie karnoprawnej ochrony dziedzictwa kultury

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Trzciński M.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2019
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vol. 51
103-122
EN
In the years 2017–2018, new regulations appeared in the system of criminal legal protection of cultural heritage. It seems that some of them should significantly strengthen the protection of cultural heritage, in particular the increasing of penalties for the destruction of monuments, as well as the determination that carrying out searches for monuments without appropriate permission is treated as a crime since 2018. Unfortunately, the significant dispersion of criminal laws and the lack of an appropriate chapter in the penal code which would refer to crime against cultural heritage is still a serious drawback of the functioning system.
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Pozyskanie tajnego współpracownika przez służby kontrwywiadowcze na podstawie materiałów obciążających — rozważania o sensie instytucji

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Trzciński M.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2019
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vol. 51
103-122
PL
Próba oceny nowych rozwiązań w zakresie karnoprawnej ochrony dziedzictwa kultury
EN
New solutions in the field of cultural heritage protection law: an assessment
7
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Kryminalistyczne i archeologiczno-sądowe badania zwłoki szczątków ludzkich o znaczeniu historycznym

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Trzciński M.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 4 (2)
51-62
EN
Modern criminalistic has at its disposal a wide range of methods for identification of unidentified corpses and human remains. These methods can be applied both in cases of victims of crimes committed currently as well as decades-or even thousands of years ago. Advanced research enables not only to determine the identity, but also to establish a specific cause of death. It happens that in the course of performed examination earlier findings are verified, e.g. based on written sources, which – in the end – turn out to be untrue. Sometimes the results of examination concerning kinship are also surprising. It is more and more often that forensic archaeology takes part in this research. It secures a professional manner of search for this type of corpses or remains and guarantees their professional exhumation.
8
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Współczesne metody poszukiwań ukrytych zwłok

100%
Trzciński M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
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2018
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vol. 83
7-20
EN
Problems associated with searching for missing people are of complex nature. Police statistics clearly show that the number of people reported missing is increasing (in 2014 it exceeded 20,000 people). The etiological factors of the missing person are very diverse in nature and are not always associated with criminal activities. Human trafficking, kidnapping for a ransom and fights between criminal groups undoubtedly generate difficulty in specifying a group of people who are missing. We can also add victims of planned or accidental homicide, suicide, victims of accidents to the group of missing people. The aim of this article is the analysis of methods of searching for hidden corpses, both in urban areas and an open terrain, applied in criminalistics and forensic archaeology.
PL
Problemy związane z poszukiwaniem zaginionych osób mają charakter złożony. Statystyki policji wyraźnie wskazują, że liczba osób uznanych za zaginione wzrasta (w roku 2014 przekroczyła 20 000 osób). Uwarunkowania etiologiczne związane z zaginięciami mają bardzo zróżnicowany charakter i nie zawsze bezpośrednio dotyczą działalności przestępczej. Zjawisko porwań dla okupu, handlu ludźmi, porachunków grup przestępczych generuje trudną do bliższego określenia grupę osób uznanych za zaginione. Możemy również dołączyć do tej grupy ofiary planowanego lub przypadkowego zabójstwa, samobójstw, ofiary nieszczęśliwych wypadków oraz kataklizmów. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na interdyscyplinarny charakter metod poszukiwania ukrytych zwłok zarówno na terenach miejskich, jak i otwartych, które stosowane są obecnie w kryminalistyce i archeologii sądowej.
9
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Raz jeszcze o poszukiwaniu zabytków w Polsce. Między teorią i praktyką

100%
Trzciński M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. LXVIII
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issue 68
33-43
EN
The problem of illegal detecting for artefacts was first diagnosed in Poland in the 1990s. Today, destruction and depredation of archaeological sites continues to be one of the most serious threats to the archaeological heritage. Sadly, actions taken over the last two decades aimed on combatting this harmful practice have not been successful. Searching for archaeological and historical objects using metal detectors has been a highly controversial subject, made worse at present now that additionally to criminal activities recognized in the past new forms have appeared, e.g., metal detecting on battlefields, death camps and POW camps. The large and polarized detectorist community has been complaining about the repressive law, accusing archaeologists of negligence in running archaeological investigations and disregard for issues which are of a major interest to amateur detectorists. Non-compliance with legal regulations is widespread owing to the negligible success rate in persecuting illegal treasure hunting. This is compounded by the low level of awareness of the need for heritage protection among the general public, the archaeological record in particular. This situation should be blamed to some extent on the State, its failure to implement long-term and comprehensive education projects designed to raise public awareness about the specific nature of the archaeological heritage. As a result, illegal metal detecting has been perceived as a harmless hobby. All attempts made to regulate this phenomenon are increasingly being met with a public resistance. Responding to proposals of improving the relations between detectorists and the archaeologist-conservator community the article presents a number of strategies which could solve some of the diagnosed problems. One solution might inviting a group of detectorists selected from among their large and mostly anonymous mass to pursue their hobby openly, only along new rules, in close, and more importantly, regular cooperation with professional archaeologists, involving them in making discoveries relevant for the progress of history and archaeology research. Other possibly useful measures: 1) modifying the currently enacted legal definition of archaeological artefact; 2) changing the terms of issue of permits to detect for buried or lost artefacts; 3) we permit a group of specified amateurs to make searches with metal detectors.
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Oględziny zwłok zakopanych i oględziny miejsca ujawnienia zwłok w przypadku podejrzenia przestępnego spowodowania śmierci — propozycja organizacji czynności procesowych. Studium przypadku

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Wepsięć M., Trzciński M.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2020
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vol. 56
119-133
EN
Inspections of corpses or human remains that have been buried should be carried out in close cooperation with police officers, a forensic doctor and archaeologists appointed as experts. Archaeological methods are able to accurately reconstruct the course of the burial itself and capture valuable evidence that can help in the reconstruction of the perpetrator’s modus operandi and help to determine the identity of the victim.
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