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Kozackie formacje w służbie III Rzeszy

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Szymanowicz A.

Wschodnioznawstwo

2018

issue 12

243-259

After the attack of the Third Reich’s army on the Soviet Union, many Cossacks in exile declared their willingness to fight in the German formations against the hated enemy. Also, a significant part of the Cossack population in the Don, Kuban or Terek territories occupied by the Germans enthusiastically welcomed the entering Wehrmacht troops. Shortly afterwards, the Cossacks were permitted to create their local government there, and also received guarantees of cultural, educational and religious freedom. The formation of Cossack troops used by the Germans for reconnaissance and 'fighting the Soviet partisans also commenced. These soldiers were to be treated equally with German soldiers. After a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front in 1943 and after the Red Army had taken the initiative on the Eastern Front, the Cossack formations together with the accompanying civilian population created the so-called Cossack

THE ACTIVITY OF THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF POLAND IN EASTERN PRUSSIA (1918-1939) (Dzialalnosc wywiadu wojskowego II Rzeczypospolitej w Prusach Wschodnich 1919-1939)

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Szymanowicz A.

Dzieje Najnowsze

2009

issue 1

23-47

The activity of the Polish military Intelligence in Eastern Prussia in the years 1981-939 should be assessed by taking into consideration the following issues: the participation of the Second Department in the plebiscite campaign, the Intelligence work conducted by local branches of the Second Department, and the construction and support of Polish minority organisations envisaged as a foundation for diversion structures. The Polish military did not remain passive towards the plebiscites conducted in Warmia, Mazuria and the Powisle region (part of Gdansk Pomerania). Nonetheless, the undertakings were initiated too late, insufficiently vigorously and without a clear programme. The subsequent efforts of the Second Department in relation to the population of Mazuria, aimed at awakening national consciousness and the creation of diversion measures, ended with a fiasco. On the other hand, one of the successes of Intelligence reconnaissance in Eastern Prussia, i. a. on the eve of the Second World War, included the establishment of the dislocation of an overwhelming majority of the German units.

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2 Szymanowicz A.

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Kozackie formacje w służbie III Rzeszy

THE ACTIVITY OF THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF POLAND IN EASTERN PRUSSIA (1918-1939) (Dzialalnosc wywiadu wojskowego II Rzeczypospolitej w Prusach Wschodnich 1919-1939)