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EN
Contemporary artists on the declarative level try to remain outside the political domain, at times unaware of the fact that an established dislike for politicians is not equivalent to refraining from political actions. Theatre has not so much become politically vulgarised but rather it has gained a potential additional act in the form of a strictly political phenomenon. This results from the disrupted demarcation lines traditionally dividing the freedom of artistic expression and the right to its rejection by those who have different ideological (religious) motivations. This stems from the fact that the performative act has been extended beyond the theatre stage, thus allowing political opponents to refer to non-aesthetic categories, to which artists themselves have assigned formally political features. Invoking the right to critically assess reality, to which both sides are entitled, they understand freedom as a justified negation of a different perspective. In an ideal situation, art would not be subordinated to political ends, while adding to it non-artistic dimensions makes it an emergent phenomenon. However, in the reality we have access to, there has developed an asymmetry as the theatrical circles have started to desire not only to create art but also to be the ones holding the key to the rules of its interpretation or criticism, which leads to a discussion on the limits of freedom of artistic expression when seen as political.
EN
This article provides an analysis of conflict between scientific attitude and ideological belief. The consen­sus on global warming has excluding from Popper’s falsifiability. The same issue concerns verification and confirmation on global warming hypothesis. Only three out of a hundred scientists calls into question the theory of climate catastrophe. We don’t know if this theory is false, because climatologists and politicians did not accept independent research on global warming. Reduce CO2 emission is dogma of Left-wing politics. The natural sciences are included in the political discourse area. The global warming is a part of ideology and draws people into the area of policy actions
EN
The objective of article is analysis of the split between the main actors of the policy, professional politicians and society, whose mutual expectations becoming radically different from each other. The split creates a situation, where politicians, being unable to realize the great political ideas, trying to implement current and conventional social needs, first and foremost to satisfy the political recipients. In consequences the relations between power and society are dysfunctional.
Rocznik Lubuski
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2012
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vol. 38
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issue 1
25-38
EN
The debate about identity in the process of its decryption should be placed in the logic of a network system. In the course of the evolution of international structures a multi-level governance model was developed. It is all the more important that from the subnational, through national (today wrongly regarded as the basic one) to transnational, there is an axis for a discourse around the issues which are called either international or European (i.e., community). Interpenetration of subjectivity led to co-occurrence of events, which only seems to represent the same semantic range. Coincidence understood in such a way involves the model of co-occurrence of "identities" which are subject to antagonism. Un- doubtedly, it is difficult to determine definitional scope of the notion of Polish national identity and German national identity. In this case the difficulty is heightened by the need to determine the national identity as the official position of Poland or Germany in the structures of European Union. Since the identity of a nation is defined both expan- sively and sovereignly (authority on behalf of the citizens), the cosmopolitanization of such an attitude is insignificant. Barbara Skarga points out that the new kind of order does not arise, because the world seems to be ultimately ordered, as demiruges wanted. On the other hand, already in 1990 Jurgen Habermas argued that we entered a new era of a relationship between the state and the citizen, since the state had lost the pre- vailing monopoly on determining factors of citizenship, which were also influenced by Postmodernist Turn.
PL
Dyskusja wokół tożsamości w procesie jej deszyfrowania powinna zostać umieszczona w logice układu sieciowego. W toku ewolucji struktur międzynarodowych stworzono model wielopoziomowego zarządzania (Multi-level governance). Jest to o tyle istotne, że od poziomu subnarodowego, poprzez narodowy (dziś już niesłusznie uważanego za podstawowy) do ponadnarodowego, przebiega oś dla dyskursu wokół zagadnień, które określamy mianem międzynarodowego lub europejskiego (w znaczeniu: wspólnotowe). Przenikanie się podmiotowości doprowadziło do współwystępowania zjawisk, które tylko pozornie reprezentują ten sam zakres znaczeniowy. Tak rozumiana koincydencja zawiera więc model współwystępowania „tożsamości”, które podlegają antagonizmowi. Jest niewątpliwie trudnym do określenia zakres definicyjny pojęcia tożsamość narodowa Polski oraz tożsamość narodowa Niemiec, w tym wypadku trudność ta jest potęgowana przez konieczność określenia tożsamości narodowej jako oficjalnego stanowiska Polski czy Niemiec w strukturach Unii Europejskiej, że tożsamość na poziomie narodu jest definiowana rozszerzająco, a przy tym suwerennie, w kierunku od władzy w imieniu obywateli, to pole dla kosmopolityzacji takiego stanowiska jest już niewielkie. Barbara Skarga wskazuje, że nie rodzi się nowy rodzaj porządku, ponieważ świat zdaje się być uporządkowany ostatecznie, jak chcieli tego demiurgowie. Z kolei Jürgen Habermas już w 1990 roku dowodził, że weszliśmy w nową erę relacji między państwem a obywatelem. Państwo straciło bowiem dotychczasowy monopol na określanie współczynników obywatelstwa, które również dosięgał postmodernistyczny przełom.
EN
This paper presents the analysis of theoretical and methodological writings of Polish humanistic and social science researchers, who apply to the rules of Marxist methodology. Polish theoretical traditions fromthe communist era are sometimes collectively accused of indoctrination, because they were rejected after 1989 due to being a part of the ideological legacy of the previous era. The aim of this article was to present Marxist theory of politics and political science methodology, which are still of interest and constitute useful knowledge, because the process of ideology slightly changes the value of political science’s subdisciplines.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę pism teoretycznych oraz metodologicznych polskich badaczy humanistycznych i społecznych, odwołujących się w swoich badaniach do założeń metodologii marksistowskiej. Polskie tradycje teoretyczne w nauce z czasów PRL bywają zbiorczo oskarżane o indoktrynację, ponieważ zostały odrzucone po 1989 r. jako spuścizna ideologiczna poprzedniej epoki. Celem artykułu było wykazanie, że marksistowska teoria polityki oraz metodologia badań politologicznych stanowią wciąż interesujący i przydatny zasób wiedzy, ponieważ sama ideologizacja w niewielkim stopniu zmienia wartość tych subdyscyplin politologii.
EN
The objective of article is metatheoretical analysis sheet review, first of all with epistemological and ontological condition, and subsequently methodological issues, that the Reviewer must take into account when assessing and are suitable academic qualifications to the journal indexed. The Review is not only the limitation to the knowledge, but also research and professional qualification.
PL
Współcześnie obserwujemy proces, który określać będziemy sekularyzmem nauk o polityce. Oczywiście można to pojęcie rozumieć na dwa sposoby. Pierwszy to sekularyzm instytucjonalny, który w założeniu eliminuje wpływ religii, a szerzej ideologii, na przebieg teoretycznych ustaleń dzisiejszych badaczy. Ten punkt widzenia narzucany jest przez dyskurs liberalny, a więc nie powinno umknąć naszej uwadze, iż jest to stanowisko motywowane ideologicznie. Powyższe ujęcie ma konsekwencje nie tylko dla separacji humanities oraz social science, ale również w uszeregowaniu i pozycji dyscyplin naukowych w światowym obiegu wiedzy, czego polskim przykładem jest włączenie religii do nauk o kulturze według nowego administracyjnego podziału dyscyplin naukowych. Drugi sposób rozumienia pojęcia określić możemy sekularyzmem naukowym, wywodzącym swoje credo z neopozytywizmu (empiryzmu logicznego), i ten będzie punktem odniesienie dla tekstu artykułu. Efektem jego stała się silna demarkacja, skoncentrowana na wyłączeniu pewnego obszaru teoretycznych badań politologicznych, które uznaje się często w anglosaskiej literaturze za filozofię polityczną (political philosophy), w Polsce zaś nadaje się im miano spekulacji. Celem artykułu jest metateoretyczna analiza programu badawczego politologii pod kątem cech potencjalnie łączących zróżnicowany dorobek i metody wnioskowania współczesnych politologów.
EN
Nowadays, we are eye-witnesses of the process which we shall refer to as the secularism of political science. Obviously, this concept can be construed in two ways. One is institutional secularism, which eliminates the influence of religion, or more broadly put – ideology, on the theoretical work of contemporary researchers. Such a viewpoint is imposed by the liberal discourse so we must be mindful of the fact that it is a viewpoint motivated ideologically. Such a perspective results not only in the separation of humanities from social science but also the ranking and positioning of scientific disciplines in the global knowledge circulation, exemplified by the Polish inclusion of religion into the category of science of culture under the new administrative division of scientific disciplines. The other one can be denominated as scientific secularism, with its credo originating from logical positivism (logical empiricism), and it will be the reference point for the text of this article. Its effect is the demarcation focused on the exclusion of the theoretical content of political science research, which is often regarded as political philosophy in the English-language literature and speculation in Poland. The aim of this article is the meta-theoretical analysis of the political science research programme from the perspective of the features potentially linking the varied academic achievements and the inference methodology of contemporary political scientists.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba określenia metodologicznego statusu postulowanej nowej subdyscypliny nauk o polityce – politologii religii. Przyjęty w tekście schemat rozumiejącego naturalizmu wskazuje wybór perspektywy poznania dla sojuszu religii i polityki jako jednego zjawiska społecznego-politycznego. Stanowisko wyrażone w tekście zmierza do znalezienia wspólnej płaszczyzny wiedzy dla dwóch najważniejszych zjawisk społecznych. Zaprezentowany postulat uwzględnia łączenie wiedzy z zakresu nauk o polityce oraz teologii, socjologii religii, religioznawstwa czy historii z klasyczną metodologią nauk, charakterystyczną dla zmatematyzowanego przyrodoznawstwa.
EN
The aim of the article is to define the methodological status of the proposed new sub-discipline of political sciences – the political science of religion (politology of religion). The diagram of naturalism adopted in the text indicates the choice of the perspective of cognition for an alliance of religions and politics as a single social and political phenomenon. The position expressed in the text aims to find a common knowledge base for the two most important social phenomena. The presented postulate takes into account the combination of knowledge in the field of political sciences and theology, sociology of religion, religiousness or history with the classical methodology of sciences, characteristic for mathematical natural science.
EN
SOCIAL RESEARCHERS MUST take into account that the feedback affects the value of the measurement they make. In order to preserve cognitive function, it may come to ignoring the effects of the feedback, which deforms the perfect knowledge. The concept of “method”, “meta-activity”, “quasi-expert” and “quasi-researcher” are used for the sake of explaining the criteria of classical scientific dispute. The process of scientific inquiry may indirectly, as a result of the presence of a representative of the world of science, to stimulate the subject of study.
EN
Social researchers must take into account that the feedback affects the value of the measurement they make. In order to preserve cognitive function, it may come to ignoring the effects of the feedback, which deforms the perfect knowledge. This is because the assertions formulated in science include both universal generalizations on the political environment as well as its participants. Undoubtedly, in relation to the behaviour of participants in the political environment we must be guided by the highly ambiguous assessment. Popper noted in many places that being confirmed many times, theories do not satisfy the condition of being a law and remain open to falsification (in Popper – “Falsifiability”). The identity of the discipline in the case of political science, depends on the macro level on emancipation from narrative of the theories of other science disciplines as well as from the direct micro-relationship policy theory and methodology on the micro level, which must set out to create a scientific symbiosis. This means that the usefulness of research findings for political science (in terms of research practice) is a function of the application approved and accepted paradigm, whose usefulness is periodic and fragmentary , but with tendency to expand its scope.
PL
Wyjaśnienie zjawiska politycznego jest nie tyle funkcją wielowariantową, lecz wieloelementowym narzędziem badawczym, które gwarantuje adekwatność (w szerszym kontekście chodzi o szanse wyjaśnienia) kosztem uniwersalności. Proponowany paradygmat koincydencji dostarcza możliwości aplikacji wyjaśnień, które pozornie pozostają ze sobą w sprzeczności merytorycznej oraz metodologicznej. Poprzez pojęcia „metaaktywności” oraz „ quasi-eksperta” zostają wyjaśnione kryteria, które gwarantują powstanie wieloelementowego narzędzia badawczego w naukach politycznych. Podstawą rozważań jest szeroko rozumiana egzemplifikacja sporu pomiędzy metodologią normatywną oraz empiryczną.
EN
Explaining a political phenomenon is not to be viewed as a multi-variant function but rather a comprehensive research tool ensuring adequacy (in a broader context – chances of arriving at an explanation) at the expense of universality. The proposed coincidence paradigm provides possibilities of applying explanations seemingly contradictory from the substantive and methodological perspective. The concepts of “meta-activity” and “quasi-expert” are used for the sake of explaining the criteria ensuring development of a political science research tool composed of multiple elements. At the core of deliberations lies broadly-defined exemplification of the dispute between normative and empirical methodology.
PL
The traditionally ideological divisions allowed the old political entities (parties, social movements) to represent the right and left wing dichotomy. The simultaneous increase in the role of political liberalism has led to the replacement of the axes of economic, commercial, cultural and identity divisions with the concepts of normality and rationality (Zielonka 2018). Liberalism, in spite of the lack of literal and dominating party representation, has become the obligatory political code defining reality in terms of good and evil, leaving no option to choose an alternative beyond the position considered universal and desirable. Simultaneously, the monopoly of the legitimacy and moral superiority of the liberal political program was developed. Criticism from the opponents of that monopoly started to be known as populism. Artists mostly identified with the mainstream liberal views, as they offered them the opportunity to illustrate and educate the public. They also corresponded with their artistic sensitivity, openness to tolerance, the rule of law and democracy, as well as the independence and freedom of individuals. Since 2015 elections, the artistic milieus representing axiology similar or identical to Law and Justice / LaJ (Pol.: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość / PiS) have become strongly active. The party began to use the language representing the sensitivity of the people in contrast to the elites. Such populism was quickly treated as a position offering too quick solutions. The basic assumption shall be an attempt to verify the claim of the populism of art and artists standing against the authorities and supporting the LaJ power. The aim of the presentation shall be to overview the theoretical assumptions of this phenomenon in relation to art and its representatives, and to illustrate it with specific Polish examples from 2015 onwards.
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