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Porównania
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 1
163-184
EN
The article discusses Aleksander Wat’s three avant-garde achievements of a visual-linguistic nature, executed together with Anatol Stern and Henryk Berlewi. Interpretation in the transmedia perspective reveals their heterogeneous character, which combines various codes – iconic and verbal. The discussed works make use of an unusual printing layout, employ lettering of various typefaces and diversified graphics, which consequently disrupts the linearity of the plane of the message, offering in its place expressivity and dynamics, requiring from the recipient greater creativity and innovation in the reading of meanings. The typography used in the presented works is not merely a visual addition to the content of the message, but actively modifies and co-creates it.
PL
Artykuł omawia trzy awangardowe dokonania Aleksandra Wata o charakterze wizualno-językowym, realizowane razem z Anatolem Sternem i Henrykiem Berlewim. Interpretacja w transmedialnej perspektywie ujawnia ich heterogeniczny charakter łączący różne kody – ikoniczny i werbalny. Rozpatrywane powyżej realizacje wykorzystują niezwykły układ drukarski, posługują się liternictwem różnego kroju, różnej wielkości i różnego koloru, zróżnicowaną grafią, co w konsekwencji burzy linearność płaszczyzny przekazu, proponując w to miejsce ekspresywność i dynamikę, wymagające od odbiorcy większej kreatywności i innowacyjności w odczytywaniu znaczeń. Zastosowana typografia nie jest w prezentowanych dziełach jedynie wizualnym dodatkiem do treści komunikatu, lecz aktywnie go modyfikuje i współtworzy.
PL
Autorka w swoim artykule analizuje poezję Eugeniusza Tkaczyszyna-Dyckiego. Zakłada ona, że poprzez jego odrębne utwory jesteśmy w rzeczywistości w kontakcie z jednym, ciągle pisanym wierszem, który wciąż nie może być w pełni zrealizowany, a jednocześnie istnieje dla niektórych w zakresie każdej realizacji, ale nigdy całkowicie i ostatecznie. To jest powód kolejnych prób jego stworzenia – stale powtarzanej, niekończącej się piosenki. Wszechobecny, natrętny rytm Dyckiego ujawnia się z jego uporczywą, obsesyjną obecnością na płaszczyźnie meta-tekstu i aktywuje ją. Zintensyfikowany wzorzec powtarzania, odsłaniając się, staje się najważniejszym nośnikiem funkcji poetyckiej i wskazuje na niekończącą się procesualność ciągłego powtarzania wiersza jako ostatecznego i najważniejszego celu transu poety.
EN
In this article, the author analyzes the poetry of Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki, positing that through his individulal works we are in contact with One Poem, constantly written, which cannot be fully realized; it exists to some extent in every realization, but never completely and ultimately. This is the reason for his subsequent attempts to create it – a constantly repeated, never-ending song. Dycki’s omnipresent, intrusive rhythm reveals with its persistent, obsessive presence the meta-text plane and activates it. By exposing itself, the intensified pattern of repetition becomes the most important carrier of the poetic function, pointing to the endless process of the continuously repeated verse as the ultimate and most important goal of the poetry.
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The article presents the stages of Aleksander Wat’s first journey to Italy in 1949 – starting from Venice, through Florence and Rome, finishing in Naples and Capri. Most of all, the article interprets the poetic records of the places visited by the poet and his impressions written down in letters. As a result, what the journey to Italy becomes for Wat is not only a discovery of the beauty of landscape and the plenty of art, but, most importantly, an experience of physical contact with the Mediterranean land, an initiation into the fascinating witnessing of the incarnation of cultural tradition into a visible landscape, a sensual initiation into the legacy of the Mediterranean. The coda of the text is his unexpected reminiscence from the first journey to Italy recorded in a social realist drama.
EN
The article is an attempt to read Wiersze śródziemnomorskie (Mediterranean Poems) – one of the most prominent texts of the modernist Polish poet Aleksander Wat. The author is interested in the relation of this text with Romanticism, consisting not only in a variety of intertextual and aesthetic references, but, what is most significant, in the realization of a Romantic concept of subjectivity in the way of perceiving and experiencing the world. The author follows the demonstrations of this subjectivity in the consecutive fragments of the Mediterranean poem, indicating multifaceted character of Romantic trappings and dependencies, especially those of epistemological kind. This kind of reading of the Mediterranean poem inclines one to pose a fundamental question: why Wat, in a revisionist fashion, makes use of the Romantic diction in Mediterranean Poems, making of it a kind of a subcode of his own language? It happens so because the difficulties of modernist identity have their source in Romanticism, which, firstly, discovers the world as a domain of conflicting oppositions, secondly, – as a meditative consciousness questioning the substantive unity of the subject, thirdly, – subjectivity as a task to be realized by various types of articulations and narrations.
EN
The article discusses Miłosz’s poetic strategies of expression in problems of the body, illness, getting old, and the impending death. Those problems are closely related to Miłosz’s personal experience. The autobiographical plane adds dramatism to Miłosz’s experiments in developing a new poetic language in his old age. Especially in Farther Surroundings seems to develop a new poetical diction in the epistemological sense. The dark tone of the poet is still present, but it gradually weakens and is replaced by words that unambiguously praise (perhaps overpraise) existence, and so reveal their (self)persuasive quality. In this perspective the profusion of texts, which Miłosz wrote in his last years, is evidence of not only of an impressive intellectual power, but also of a drama that was covered by an overload of words.
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Iwaszkiewicz’s Venice

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The article offers an overview of Iwaszkiewicz’s Venice works, starting with his early poems from his first visit in the city on a lagoon, and all the way to a work in his final poetry collection. This overview helps one realise that the writer’s autobiography is the key to all of them. Both poems and prose works followed the writer’s rhythm of existence. The presented images not so much extract the features of the city but rather refer to the author’s age, mood, and mental disposition. Another major factor that shaped the image of Venice in Iwaszkiewicz’s works were the conventional topoi consolidated in culture which build the artistic means of symbolising actual spaces. Iwaszkiewicz’s text, which developed for nearly sixty years is a praise of art understood, per modernist principles, in an absolutist manner.
EN
The paper represents an attempt at a multi-aspect analysis and interpretation of Leśmian’s poem entitled Niedziela (Sunday) through putting it firstly in the context of the cycle W chmur odbiciu (In the reflection of clouds) in which it was placed, and then through extracting some immanent meaning contained in the poem. Particular attention was paid to the ballads semantics, the symbolism of Sunday (spelt with a capital letter), Biblical intertextual references and Schopenhauer’s inspirations. Careful analysis of these issues leads to conclusions concerning tasks and obligations of poetry in the world subdued to suffering and death.  
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę wieloaspektowej analizy i interpretacji wiersza Leśmiana Niedziela, poprzez usytuowanie go, najpierw, w kontekście cyklu W chmur odbiciu, w którym został umieszczony, a następnie – poprzez wydobycie znaczeń immanentnie zawartych w utworze. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na: semantykę ballady, symbolikę Niedzieli (pisanej wielką literą), biblijne nawiązania intertekstualne, Schopenhauerowskie inspiracje. Wnikliwe rozważania dotyczące tych kwestii prowadzą do konkluzji, tyczących zadań i powinności poezji w świecie podporządkowanym cierpieniu i śmierci.  
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Wspomnienia o profesorze Jacku Brzozowskim
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Od Redakcji

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Słowo wstępne
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Elegijne dykcje Aleksandra Wata

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EN
The present article tries to show and characterize Aleksander Wat’s poetic diction included in the pool of the kinds of the literary elegiac mood and mournful strains used by the writer. Wat does not employ just one language that would offer the power of expressing oneself and convey one’s own existential experience - he speaks with varied elegiac voices: be it full of sadness, melancholy and despair, be it filled with irony and sarcasm. In fact, the elegiac tone in its traditional variation is to be found only in one war poem, whereas all his post-war poetic volumes bring a rich polyphony of varied elegiac voices. Wat’s late poetic writings is underlined by a necessity to renew what has already happened, to repeat the existing pattern of expressing oneself, and thus forms a particular elegiac intertextuality. In this way, such rhetorical dimension of the word is revealed that challenges the feasibility of getting the content through in a straightforward manner. The awareness of repetition, however, does not restrict the author to silence - just the opposite, it makes him aware of a necessity to draw from codes lodged in tradition and thus to create a collage-like diction of his own.
EN
The topic of a conversation of three literary scholars which took place in the last months of the Zbigniew Herbert Year (2018) is the experience recorded in the poet’s poems and essays of the Mediterranean culture, antiquity as a tool of cognition, an important code as well as the experience of his real journeys to the south of Europe being a kind of dividing line in his literary output and resonating in it.
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