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PL
The evolution of the Belarusian-Russian relations in the course of the last several years and the integration processes that occurs between these states justify asking a question to what extent Belarus is an independent – sovereign – state. Author in this paper analysing economic and military the Belarusian-Russian cooperation and influence of this relation on Belarusian sovereignty.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
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Apart from the public (first) and business (second) sectors, the third sector is one of the pillars constituting the modern democratic society. All the social interests are concentrated within the third sector and they are being implemented by the numerous non-governmental organizations cooperating with the state as well as business world. The birth of the third sector in Russia can be associated with the beginning of Mikhail Gorbachev reforms called the perestroika. The mental changes that the Russian society underwent influenced by the policy of glasnost led to the origin of public involvement into the social and political life, taking upon the role of the often ineffective state. The degree to which the citizens were involved in the activity of the NGOs was first of all associated with their quality of life and it depended on the attitude of the decision-makers towards the idea of social organizations. The time of Boris Yeltsin presidency was characterized by two phenomena: a drop in the standard of living accompanied by the intensification of criminalization within the public life and the positive attitude towards the introduction of the third sector. After the new president assumed the post, the approach of the new authority changed in a negative way and the politics implemented led to gaining full control over public associations. The so-called liberalization of the law in respect to the third sector was only a display of Kremlin’s political will and did not signify serious treatment of the principles of the democratic and civic society. The third sector, one of the pillars supporting the civil society is at present in the state of consolidation, dealing with numerous amendments of legal norms. After the period of mimicking western solutions, the Russian NGOs became a power that must be taken into account by the Russian decision-makers.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
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The so-called outdoor advertising played a crucial role in the 2012 parliamentary elections campaign in Ukraine. The parties preparing their advertising messages applied different types of such advertising. The classic image advertising was one of the most popular advertising forms and it contained such standard elements, as: the candidate’s photograph, his/her last name, the party’s name, the candidate’s number on the electoral list, or the election slogan. In case of less known candidates ID advertising was applied. This type of advertising was chosen among others by Udar party which had Witalij Kliczko on its posters recommending candidates for the representatives of his party. The individual formations advertised themselves both by presenting their achievements and electoral promises. This campaign was not free of negative advertising, including its comparative and comic forms. The 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections did not differ from any European parliamentary elections both in terms of the applied advertising forms and the richness of such forms.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
PL
Since the mid-90s the Russian Federation has remained the most important player in the CIS region. It has the greatest potential of instruments which can be used towards the post-Soviet states in political and military domain to maintain and maybe even broaden its influence in its former colonies. It seems that Iran has the least potential to employ. Its situation is the most complex one because of Western and Turkish concerns not only about fundamentalism export to the Muslim post-Soviet countries but also the disturbing issues not directly connected with the CIS region – Iranian nuclear program, its backing for terrorist organization in the Middle East, its anti-Israeli position and Teheran engagement in the Syrian conflict.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
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Peace Movements in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict

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PL
The peace movements, both Palestinians and Israelis, have been little discussed academically, however, its importance in the development of the Israeli- Palestinian conflict is crucial. This article intends to expose the dynamics that the Israeli and Palestinian peace organizations have had over the years.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14763
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Russia in Crisis? Prospects for the Future

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PL
The aim of the article is to outline the implications and prospects for Russia after the financial and political crisis. On one hand, Russia can continue on the current path, which has survived the impact of the global financial crisis, but which is increasingly put the country into stagnation. On the other hand, it can attempt to modernize itself – both economically and politically – in order to prepare itself for the challenges of the modern world.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
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Securitization of Energy Security in Central Asia

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This paper reviews the contemporary theoretical approaches to the subjects of international security policy and energy security. Apart from discussing the theory of securitization, especially in context of a theoretical debate between representatives of political realism and constructivism, key research dilemmas, concerning the defining of energy security and crucial security threats, will be presented as well. Second part of the paper contains a short description of international politics in the Central Asia, with particular reference to presentation of politics of the regional political powers and the post-Soviet republics. It is followed by presentation of securitizing actions of those subjects taken in the field of energy security. Among presented contexts of those actions are following issues: development of drilling infrastructure, security of transport, conflicts concerning access to alternative energy sources and political power game in presented region.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
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Analysis of the main stages of transformation among the political opposition and its impact on the political process in Ukraine (1991–2012 years) according to the institutional approach reveals the phenomenon of political opposition, the generalization of its main characteristics. Examinated the theoretical approaches to the classification of political opposition.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
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The Specificity of Negotiations with a Russian Partner

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Cultural differences impede the process of communication and negotiation. When negotiators come from different cultural backgrounds, the risk, that there is no agreement exists, increases manifold. Negotiations with the Russians are the art of becoming friends. All preconceptions that may over-emphasize the fear of starting a relationship with a Russian partner disappear after first successful negotiations, because Russia has an incredible power of attraction that cannot be explained.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
PL
In 2012, after over twenty years of being a failed state in conflict with the neighbours and a mosaic of warring clans and religious factions, Somalia was offered a chance to become a functioning country. With extensive foreign support, the Somalis adopted a provisional constitution, and elected a parliament, which elected a president. In 2013 Somalia signed a Compact that contained detailed plan for rebuilding state structures and institutions for the following there years. However, the implementation of the plan faces a multitude of challenges, including among others the particular interests of clan leaders, Al-Quaeda-supported Al-Shabab militia, and lack of perspectives for the young generation. What the state needs besides continued external support is the bottom-up process of establishing authorities and young leaders.
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Turkey’s “New” Middle East or More of the Same

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PL
Turkey’s Middle East policy has been changed a lot in time but the most dramatic one has happened during the reign of the AKP government. As the political Islam tendency in Turkey has evolved, the economic, political and cultural relations with the Middle East have developed in parallel. Besides, the Turkish democracy, which seems to solve its problems with Islam, is shown by some people as a “model” for the Middle Eastern countries. It is a fact that the recent Gezi protests in Turkey constitute some doubts about the success of this model but the impact of AKP’s new foreign policy on the Middle Eastern politics is clear. With the “zero problems policy” and the “new activism” era in Turkish foreign policy, Turkey has focused on the Middle East more than ever. However, to evaluate this change as a complete turn from Turkey’s centuryold westernization and a shift in its identity would be a misreading of the developments. In fact, this change could be interpreted as another phase in its strategic foreign policy enriched with an opening to the East. In this context, this article tries to discuss the new orientation of Turkey upon old grounds in the Middle East according to its new focus between the regional dynamics and global actors.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14763
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PL
Hundreds of press articles on the issue of Palestinian identity have been written in the last two years. It happened due to granting Palestine on November 29, 2012 a non-member observer state status by the General Assembly of the United Nations.Resolution 67/19 of the UN assembly, contrary to appearances, does not answer explicitly the question concerning the Palestinian identity. In my paper I will try to display the whole spectrum of legal nuances referring to this issue.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14763
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Everything Will Be Decided in Syria

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It is difficult to understand the current situation in Syria without making an analysis of the historical reasons that have led to the country on the brink of collapse. This brief article intends to expose the lines of rupture of the Syrian regime as well as the regional and international importance of this conflict.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14763
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Israel in a New Middle East: How to Respond?

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PL
Israeli foreign policy, its mechanisms, conditions, as well as driving forces is a complex phenomenon composed of intersecting elements of security, defense, and foreign interests that are inseparably braided. Generally speaking, there are at least four main interests which determine states’ foreign activity, firstly security of the state and its territory, secondly economy and development, thirdly international position, prestige among other states, and lastly international society common benefits. The only way to understand Israel’s international conduct is to look deeper into its national identity, political tradition, and historical burden as well.So the goal of this paper is to study the priorities of the Israeli foreign policy, particularly while the so called Arab Spring, crisis over Iranian nuclear program, and the changes in the Middle East.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14763
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