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EN
The article is focused on the analysis of Polish State Police functioning on the territory of the Volyn province in the context of active penetration of Bolshevist subversive detachments into the mentioned territory in the early 1920s. The causes, the aim, the stages, and the consequences of Bolshevist destabilizing activity are discussed. The counteraction of Polish State Police subdivisions to the Bolshevist antistate actions towards the sovereign Second Republic is retraced in detail.
EN
Deputies interpellations are a valuable material for research policy Polish nationality in the years 1918–1939 (including the Polish-Ukrainian) and the role and place of the police in socio-political life of the state. Note, however, that the parliamentary interpellation were not always objective, and Members can give is not always verified data. So it is a source that should be handled with caution. The image of the police in the light of the interpellation deputies representing national minorities was mostly negative. In numerous interpellations they accused the police of unjustified use of repressive measures, persecution, unjustified use of violence to obtain testimony in making the crime and on the use of firearms to intimidate the local population. It should be noted that after each complaint, an investigation was carried out, but in most cases the result was not satisfactory to the party suing.
PL
Poselskie interpelacje są cennym materiałem dla badań polityki narodowościowej Polski w latach 1918–1939 (w tym i stosunków polsko-ukraińskich) oraz roli i miejsca policji w życiu społeczno-politycznym państwa. Należy jednak pamiętać, że poselskie interpelacje nie zawsze były obiektywne, a posłowie mogli podawać nie zawsze sprawdzone dane. Jest to więc źródło, którym należy posługiwać się z pewną ostrożnością.Wizerunek organów policyjnych w świetle interpelacji posłów reprezentujących mniejszości narodowe był przeważnie negatywny. W licznych interpelacjach oskarżano policję o stosowanie nieuzasadnionych środków represyjnych, prześladowań, bezpodstawnych środków przemocy w celu uzyskania przyznania się do winy oraz o wykorzystanie broni palnej do zastraszania ludności miejscowej. Należy zaznaczyć, że po każdej skardze przeprowadzano dochodzenie, lecz w większości wypadków rezultat nie był zadawalający dla strony pozywającej.
EN
The article is an attempt to present the regional history of the prison system of the Second Polish Republic on the example of the prison in Drohobycz. The establishment and the process of integration of the above-mentioned prison into the Polish penitentiary system were characterized, the specificity of its organization and staffing were determined, and selected elements of everyday life of prisoners were presented. At the same time, the author did not take up the issue of the characteristics of political prisoners, believing that it was a topic for a separate approach. In the interwar period, the prison in Drohobycz (Drohobycz Prison on Górka) belonged to the 1st class and was one of the largest penal units of the Second Polish Republic intended for the most dangerous criminals sentenced to long-term and life imprisonment. The prison, which was to replace the Lwów “Brygidki”, was opened in 1913. It suffered serious material losses during the Great War (1914–1918). Renovation works, carried out in the 1920s, allowed for the launch of a modern prison, the infrastructure of which developed intensively in the next decade. At that time, in Drohobycz prison was established a district hospital for mentally ill prisoners, serving prisoners from the Kraków and Lwów appellations. Moreover, there was a large gardening school there. At the same time, the prison was suffering from severe overcrowding, and at the end of 1934, it had more than 1,450 people. The prisoners did not only perform various types of work in the workshops and on the farm of the prison, but also had access to spiritual care as well as cultural and educational life.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą zaprezentowania regionalnej historii więziennictwa II Rzeczypospolitej na przykładzie więzienia w Drohobyczu. Omówiono jego powstanie oraz proces włączenia do polskiego systemu penitencjarnego. Opisano strukturę organizacyjną kadrową, przedstawiono wybrane elementy życia codziennego więźniów, choć bez charakterystyki grupy więźniów politycznych, gdyż jest to zagadnienie wymagające osobnego ujęcia. W okresie międzywojennym zakład karny w Drohobyczu (Więzienie karne w Drohobyczu na Górce) należał do więzień I klasy i był jedną z największych tego typu jednostek II Rzeczypospolitej, przeznaczonych dla najbardziej niebezpiecznych przestępców, odsiadujących kary długoterminowego i dożywotniego pobytu w więzieniu. Więzienie, mające zastąpić lwowskie Brygidki, rozpoczęło działalność w 1913 r. Poniosło poważne straty materialne w okresie Wielkiej Wojny (1914–1918). Prace remontowe w latach dwudziestych pozwoliły na uruchomienie nowoczesnego zakładu karnego, którego infrastruktura rozwijała się intensywnie w kolejnym dziesięcioleciu. W tym czasie na jego terenie powstał okręgowy szpital dla nerwowo i psychicznie chorych więźniów, który obsługiwał osadzonych z apelacji krakowskiej oraz lwowskiej. Ponadto na obszarze więzienia istniała duża szkoła ogrodnicza. Jednocześnie w tym czasie placówka borykała się z problemem przeludnienia – pod koniec 1934 r. przebywało w niej ponad 1450 osób. Więźniowie nie tylko wykonywali różnego rodzaju prace w warsztatach i gospodarstwie zakładu karanego, ale też mieli dostęp do opieki duchownej oraz życia kulturalno-oświatowego.
EN
Historians highlight four periods of intense activities concerning guarding the eastern border of Poland, such as: 1921–1922 – a defense campaign conducted by both the Customs Battalions and the troops of the State Police 1922–1923 – the Border Guard responsible for maintaining border’s security 1923–1924 – eastern frontier under protection of the State Police 1924–1939 – the control of the border handed over to the Border Protection Corps (Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza, KOP). The decree passed by the Government on 13 January 1921 assigned the troops of “border militia” a task of providing the areas being a neutral zone with safety, peace and public order. On 18 March 1921 these troops were incorporated into the State Police corps. The Government’s instruction entrusted the Customs Battalions from 3 September 1921 with guarding the eastern border in the areas of Nowogródek, Polesie, Ternopil and Volhynia voivodships. In order to enforce their activities the State Police troops were ordered to support the Customs Battalions (BC). Soon, it turned out that in Volhynia, relations between the police and the BC were rather difficult. The Customs Battalions’ abuses leaded to many misunderstandings and furthermore to loss of contact and mutual agreement between the army and the police. In May 1922 the BC was replaced by the Border Guard which, in accordance with the relevant regulations, was obliged to cooperate with the State Police. The range of that cooperation included such activities as: prosecuting for criminal and political offences, patrolling the border, controlling documents and arresting those who were being thought as suspicious. Direct contacts between the police forces and the Border Guard were at border checkpoints as well as at border posts in Korets, Ostroh, Borshchiv, Szumsk and Mogilany. In the middle of 1921, in the area of Volhynia, it was organized the Control Station in Rivne which performed the function of the Branch Office of Department IV-D (Ekspozytura Wydziału IV-D). From 1 July 1923, the State Police (PP) – with 1300 police officers – took over from the Border Guard the control over the eastern border. Therefore the PP became responsible for controlling the movement of citizens, preventing smuggling by arresting suspicious individuals and sending them to the appropriate authorities and, in cases of reasonable suspicion of a contraband, by carrying out the revision of people and their properties located in the border zone, etc. On 1 November 1924, the Government recalled the police from the border zone in the area of Vilnus Region, Nowogródek and Volhynia voivodships. Defending of the eastern frontier was ordered to the Border Protection Corps which continued its mission until September 1939.
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