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WORD ABOUT WOMEN AND WORD OF WOMEN. PROPOSAL OF FEMINOLOGICAL APPROACH IN INTERPRETATION OF A CHOSEN ASPECT OF RELIGIOUSNESS

100%
Kuzma I.
Etnografia Polska
|
2006
|
vol. 50
|
issue 1-2
51-72
EN
The article aims at sketching feminological perspective considered by the authoress as a specific perspective in the studies on the Catholic religiousness. She gives up the term 'women's studies' which is accepted in Poland and is applying the term 'feminology' instead. The latter refers to one of the types of methodology. The authoress wonders to what extent the anthropologist can use the scientific tool and procedures of discipline included in the feminological approach. In her opinion the most interesting is the issue of women's experience in general and religious experience in particular. One of the suggestions concerns the method of peculiar 'reading', i.e. decoding both texts written by religious women (especially the saints and the blessed) and texts telling about such women. Such reading is in some ways 'alternative' with regard to common schemes and stereotypes in perceiving and studying women, their religious experience and spirituality. The best material for such 'alternative' reading seems to be hagiographies, biographies and spiritual autobiographies of godly women. The suggested order of the 'reading' goes according to two main stages. The first one includes critical analysis of the texts - deconstructing the given symbols and meanings in order to reveal their specific cultural context. By cultural context author understands all the processes and mechanisms modeling the language, representations and images which exist in the studied culture and describe women and their experience of 'sacrum'. In the next stage positive procedure is suggested-reconstructing the women's experience, uncovering their 'language' (something like a 'dialect') covered under the layer of general cultural discourse modeling or even concealing it. Such texts represent heteroglossy. They make up a heterogeneous and complex whole due to their numerous communicative, stylistic and structural layers as well as numerous subjects. According to the feminist approach it is androcentrism that leaves its mark on that complexity in the first place. That is why the feminological approach often aims at finding ways of overcoming the modes of writing and interpreting dominating and obligatory in a particular tradition.
2
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SOME FACES OF THE INTERNET CATHOLIC RELIGIOUSNESS

100%
Kuzma I.
Etnografia Polska
|
2005
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vol. 49
|
issue 1-2
125-145
EN
The World Wide Web can be included to the subjects of interest for ethnology, not only as a phenomenon in itself which is worth studying, but also as the area where particular phenomena occur. The Internet offers a different way of pereceiving time and space, gives new quality to the concepts of community, group and communication. It also encourages consideration on status and role of an individual. Studies on Internet require re-considering some specific cultural manifestations: experience and emotions, including experiences of religious character. The author studies particular cultural phenomena as they are present in the Internet in the context of the ' Web culture'. These cultural phenomena belong to forms of contemporary Catholic religiousness. Internet brings about changes in perceiving the temporal-spatial sacred reality where revelations take place and visionaries and healers act. Internauts- the faithful and the pilgrims meet online, on the Web site of one of the centres of the Marian cult using a box of prayer intentions. The Internet favours autonomy, indepedence - individuality. Favourable conditions for them lie in the anonimity and the very act of written communication - communication of the exclusive kind (according to the concept used by the Polish folklorists Piotr Kowalski who has studied written votive offerings). Considering the contemporary online intention entries the author concludes that due to some new rhetorical and stylistic forms the statements can be defined as inclusive. The faithful are supposed to reveal, to expose their private, emotional life.This results in establishing a particular form of community - the community of emotion, whose point of reference is the reality of the sacred and Virgin Mary. The emotions ensure unity of religious experience, contributing to the power of interpersonal bonds. Though the community expresses itself in virtual reality, its model is the 'real' Church, i.e. community of the faithful. We can't say that the Web has started any revolution in the forms of religiousness, although it enables the repertoir of cultural means of expression to be richer and broader. Physical being has been replaced by a variety of graphic signs and by written text. Telling about oneself has replaced ritual gestures. Owing to its specific qualities the Web has simply shifted the emphasis put on particular elements.That is why it is more accurate to write about 'the Internet forms (faces) of Catholic religiousness' than to use the concept of 'Internet Catholic religiousenss'.
3

RURAL ECONOMICS ANALYSED FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ETHNOLOGY

100%
Kuzma I.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2007
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issue 1(134)
58-74
EN
The key issues discussed in the article are the meaning and perception of the role and function of money by the rural community in the past and at present, as well as the manner of organisation of work and ways of perceiving the market, goods and values in the light of scientific concepts relating to the economic rationality and cultural specificity of the Polish rural community. The authoress outlines various ways of ethnological approach to these issues. She compares the views of Polish ethnologists who deal with such problems (e.g. the classical concept of collaboration formulated by K. Zawistowicz-Adamska) with conclusions formulated by the British researcher F. Pine on the basis of results of her investigations carried out in the mountain region of Podhale in Poland during the last 30 years of the 20th century. Summing up she points to some questions that ought to be taken up by ethnologists analysing the problems of the rural community and, especially, the problems of cultural and local values, in the context of the market and EU rules which exert a particularly specific influence on the areas characterised by a rich local tradition.
4
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A SHORT OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY AND PROBLEMS OF FRENCH SYMBOLIC ETHNOLOGY

100%
Kuzma I.
Etnografia Polska
|
2004
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vol. 48
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issue 1-2
113-130
EN
The authoress aims at presenting tendencies, options, debates and evolution of approaches concerning the notion of 'the symbol', ways of studying symbolism, briefly speaking everything that is connected with the French symbolic ethnology. The article is just an attempt to systematize the history and main interests of this discipline in France. Symbolic ethnology in France has been constituted by its main subject: the category of the complex symbolic forms: ritual, holiday, ceremony and narrative. It has undergone an evolution in a 'double' aspect. First, there was an essential change of the general paradigm concerning essence and objectives of scientific cognition. (decline of the Enlightenment paradigm).Then there were 'internal' changes which expressed themselves in debates on denotation of the concepts of 'symbol', 'ritual', 'folk culture', 'traditional' or 'folk' or 'peasant' culture (as until the end of the 1980s the studies of the above mentioned problems and concepts were closely connected). In this article particular emphasis has been put on works concerning forms of Catholic religiousness ( by Albert Piette, Laurence Herault and Jean Cuisenier who studied new contemporary forms of funeral ceremonies).The authoress is also presenting texts showing changing denotations and significance of the concept of 'folk culture'. She tries to explain research methods and interpretations of the French authors: Robert Pannet, Gerard Cholvy, Marie-Helene Froechle-Chopard, Christan Bromberger, Daniel Fabre, Claudine Fabre-Vassas. One can't say that French symbolic ethnology is much ahead of the related disciplines in other countries. In Polish social sciences the 'classic' names of French ethnologists: Marcel Mauss, Claude Levi-Strauss and Emile Durkheim are widely known. Nevertheless, apart from them, the names of the French-language representatives of that discipline are not mentioned very often in Poland. The authors mentioned in this article represent the more important French research centers and deal with the studies on religion and religiousness. This short outline shows us a homogenous image. In the development of the discussed approach many problems and reservations have been appearing resembling those put forward by Polish ethnologists with reference to similar subjects. Specific for this kind of ethnological approach is, that 'folk culture' (or 'culture of folk type') is not identified with 'peasant culture', 'rural culture' any more. French symbolic ethnology studies ritual forms which are seemingly strictly liturgic (particular religious acts of Roman Catholic Church). In their studies they join the interpretation and explanation of the 'social' and 'cultural' dimensions of the phenomena belonging to the 'symbolic sphere' of particular cultures and societies.
5
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WHAT IS THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN TO MODERN EUROPEAN ETHNOLOGY? SELECTED PROBLEMS

100%
Kuzma I.
Lud
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2006
|
vol. 90
121-138
EN
The article describes a research problem, which relates to the modern ethnological understanding of the concept of 'area', using the Mediterranean Basin as an example. The Basin is one of the more distinct cultural territories, present in the research tradition of ethnology, mainly western ethnology. The contemporary political and economic changes affect the ideas of the European cultural identity, including that of its regions and cultural areas. The roots of the so-called European character, its place in Europe (also understood as the sources of specific symbols and values) at the intersection of these phenomena, which is called the South and the North, the East and the West, are re-examined. It is still meaningful to ask questions about the place of the 'otherness'/'distinctness', the dimension of 'strangeness' in the seemingly tamed world, about the sense to build the cultural identity in the decentralized reality of today, which, generally speaking, is subjected to two opposing forces: conscious decentralization and search for locality and (often) subconscious subordination to unification. Programme transformation that 'Musée des Arts et Traditions Populaires' is presently undergoing is part of this context. The museum will be moved from Paris to Marseille and renamed to 'Musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée' (planned to be opened in 2008). It is this project that is the axis around which the problems discussed in the article are focused: 1. what is the modern understanding of such concepts as 'cultural space', 'region' and 'cultural area'; 2. the history of the formation of the scientific concept that describes a specific cultural identity, i.e. the Mediterranean Basin; 3. how selected western ethnological research centres dealing in the problems of the Mediterranean Basin solve the problem of its metaphorization, when it is no longer treated as a real territory but it is moved to the level of pure research category.
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